Ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻano rana like ʻole, pehea e hana ai nā amphibians

Hiki i nā rana ke hānau i ka wā e hiki ai i nā makahiki ʻehā. E ala aʻe ma hope o ka hibernation, holo koke nā amphibians makua i ka wai hoʻoulu, kahi e ʻimi ai i kahi hoa kūpono i ka nui. Pono ke kāne e hana i nā ʻano hana hoʻopunipuni i mua o ka wahine i mea e ʻike ai ʻo ia, e like me ka hīmeni a me ka hula, ka hōʻike ʻana me ka ikaika a me ka nui. Ma hope o ke koho ʻana o ka wahine i kahi hoaaloha āna e makemake ai, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻimi i kahi e waiho ai i nā hua a hoʻomoʻa iā lākou.

Pāʻani male

koho ana

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā koʻo kāne a me nā rana e huki i nā wahine o kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī me ka leo, ʻo ia hoʻi ka croaking, he ʻokoʻa ia no nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole: ma kekahi ʻano he like ia me kahi "trill" o kahi kiliki, a ma kekahi ʻano like ia. ka "qua-qua" maʻamau. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa nā leo o nā kāne ma ka Pūnaewele. No nā kāne ka leo nui ma ka loko, ʻoiai ʻo ka leo o ka wahine he mālie loa a ʻaʻole loa.

Ka hoalohaloha

• ʻO ke ʻano a me ka waihoʻoluʻu.

ʻO nā kāne o nā ʻano rana he nui, no ka laʻana, nā rana ʻawaʻawa ʻawaʻawa, hoʻololi i ko lākou kala i ka wā male, a lilo i ʻeleʻele. I nā kāne, ʻaʻole like me nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā maka, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano manaʻo a hoʻonui ʻia ka lolo, kēlā me kēia, a ua hoʻonani ʻia nā wāwae mua me nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo calluses male, pono no ka male ʻana i hiki ʻole i ka mea koho ke pakele. .

• Dance

Hiki ke huki ʻia ka manaʻo o nā wahine nā neʻe like ʻole. ʻO Colostethus trinitatis wale nō e lele me ka leo ma ka lālā, a ʻo Colostethus palmatus ke ʻike i ka wahine ma ka lewa, a ʻo nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e noho kokoke ana i nā wailele e hoʻoluliluli i ko lākou mau wāwae i nā wahine.

Hāʻawi ke kāne Colostethus collaris i ka hula hoʻokipa. Kolo aku ke kane a hiki i ka wahine, a oi aku ka nui o ke kani a me ka wikiwiki, a laila, kolo, lele a lele, oiai e maloo ana ma kona mau wawae hope ma ke kulana pololei. Inā ʻaʻole mahalo ka wahine i ka hana, hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻo ia i kona poʻo, e hōʻike ana i kona ʻāʻī melemele ʻulaʻula, ʻaʻa kēia i ke kāne. Inā makemake ka wahine i ka hula a ke kāne, a laila nānā ʻo ia i ka hula nani, e kolo ana i nā wahi like ʻole i ʻike pono i ka pāʻani kāne.

I kekahi manawa hiki i nā anaina nui ke ʻākoakoa: i kekahi lā, ʻoiai e nānā ana iā Colostethus collaris, helu ʻia nā ʻepekema he ʻumikumamāwalu wahine e nānā ana i hoʻokahi kāne a neʻe i kahi kūlana i ka synchrony. Ma hope o ka hula ʻana, haʻalele mālie ke kāne, ʻoiai e huli pinepine ana e hōʻoia i ka hahai ʻana o ka lede o ka puʻuwai iā ia.

I loko o nā rana dart gula, akā, hakakā nā wāhine no nā kāne. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kāne kani, paʻi ka wahine i kona mau wāwae hope ma luna o kona kino a kau i kona mau wāwae mua ma luna ona, hiki iā ia ke hamo i kona poʻo i ka ʻauwae o ke kāne. ʻO ke kāne me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e pane i ke ʻano, akā ʻaʻole i nā manawa a pau. Nui nā hihia i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wā i hakakā ai kēia ʻano amphibian ma waena o nā wahine a me nā kāne no kahi hoa a lākou i makemake ai.

ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana a i ʻole ka hana ʻana o nā rana

ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i waho

Loaʻa pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano fertilization i nā rana. Hoʻopili paʻa ke kāne liʻiliʻi i ka wahine me kona mau wāwae mua a hoʻomomona i nā hua i hoʻohua ʻia e ka wahine. Hoʻopili ke kāne i ka wahine ma ke kūlana amplexus, ʻo ia ʻekolu mau koho.

1. Ma hope o nā wāwae mua o ka wahine, hana ke kāne i ke kāʻei (nā rana maka ʻoi)
2. Hāpai ke kāne i ka wahine ma mua o nā lālā hope (scaphiopus, spadefoot)
3. Aia ka ʻāʻī o ka wahine ma ka ʻāʻī (dart frogs).

ʻO ka fertilization i loko

He liʻiliʻi nā rana ʻawaʻawa (e laʻa, Dendrobates granuliferus, Dendrobates auratus) i hoʻomomona ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa: huli ka wahine a me ke kāne i ko lākou poʻo ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe a hoʻopili i ka cloacae. Ma ke kūlana hoʻokahi, hana ʻia ka fertilization i loko o nā amphibians o nā ʻano Nectophrynoides, nāna e hānau mua i nā hua, a laila tadpoles i loko o ka ʻōpū a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana metamorphosis a. hanau i na rana piha.

Loaʻa i nā rana kāne huelo o ka ʻano ʻano Ascaphus truei kahi ʻano hānau hānau.

I ka wā hānau, hana pinepine nā kāne i nā calluses koʻikoʻi ma ko lākou mau wāwae mua. Me ke kōkua o kēia mau kelepona, pili ke kāne i ke kino pahee o ka wahine. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi: no ka laʻana, i ka toad maʻamau (Bufo bufo), piʻi ke kāne ma luna o ka wahine ma kahi mamao loa mai ka waihona a holo i luna no nā haneli mau mika. A e holo paha kekahi mau kāne i ka wahine ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana male, e kali ana i ka hana ʻana o ka wahine i pūnana a e waiho hua i loko.

Inā hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana male i loko o ka wai, hiki i ke kāne ke hoʻopaʻa i nā hua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka wahine, e kaomi ana i kona mau wāwae hope i loaʻa ka manawa e hoʻomomona ai i nā hua (nā ʻano - Bufo boreas). ʻO ka pinepine, hiki i nā kāne ke hui pū a piʻi i luna o nā kāne i makemake ʻole iā ia. Hoʻopuka ka "pōʻino" i kahi kani kūikawā a me ka haʻalulu o ke kino, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kua, a koi iā ʻoe e haʻalele iā ʻoe iho. Hana pū nā wahine i ka pau ʻana o ke kaʻina hoʻomomona, ʻoiai i kekahi manawa hiki i ke kāne ponoʻī ke hoʻokuʻu i ka wahine ke manaʻo ʻo ia ua palupalu a nele kona ʻōpū. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hoʻoluliluli ikaika nā wahine i nā kāne moloā ʻaʻole e hele i lalo, huli aʻe ma ko lākou ʻaoʻao a hohola i ko lākou mau lālā hope.

Soitie — aplexus

ʻO nā ʻano aplexus

Hoʻohua nā rana, e like me ka i'a, no ka mea, nele ka caviar (hua) a me ka embryos no ka ulu ana ma ka aina (anamnia). Ke waiho nei nā ʻano amphibians i kā lākou mau hua ma nā wahi kupaianaha:

• i loko o nā lua, e iho ana ka pali i loko o ka wai. Ke hāʻule ka ʻuʻu, ʻōwili ʻia i loko o ka wai, kahi e ulu hou ai;
• ʻO ka wahine me ka ʻili o ka ʻili e hana i nā pūnana a i ʻole nā ​​puʻupuʻu, a laila hoʻopili i ka pūnana i nā lau e kau ana ma luna o ka loko;
• ʻO kekahi poʻe i kēlā me kēia hua manu i kahi lau ʻokoʻa o ka lāʻau a i ʻole ka ʻohe e kau ana ma luna o ka wai;
• wahine o ka ʻano Hylambates brevirostris ma ka laulā paʻa hua ma kona waha. He mau ʻeke kūikawā ko nā kāne o ke ʻano o Darwin rhinoderm ma ka ʻāʻī, kahi e lawe ai lākou i nā hua i waiho ʻia e ka wahine;
• Noho nā rana waha haiki ma nā wahi maloʻo, e waiho ana i nā hua i loko o ka lepo pulu, kahi e ulu ai kahi tadpole, a kolo ka amphibian i ka ʻāina;
• Hāpai nā wahine o ka ʻano ʻano pipa i nā hua ma luna o lākou iho. Ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻia ʻana o nā hua, kaomi ke kāne iā lākou i ke kua o ka wahine me kona ʻōpū, e waiho ana i nā hua ma nā lālani. ʻAʻole hiki ke ulu a make nā hua e pili ana i nā mea kanu a i lalo paha o kahi waihona. Ma ke kua wale nō o ka wahine e ola ai. He mau hola ma hope o ka waiho ʻana, ʻike ʻia kahi porous hina hina ma ke kua o ka wahine, kahi i kanu ʻia ai nā hua, a laila molts ka wahine;
• ʻO kekahi mau ʻano wahine e hana i nā ʻāpana apo mai kā lākou ʻāʻī ponoʻī;
• i kekahi mau ʻano rana, ua hana ʻia kahi ʻeke i kapa ʻia he brood pouch i loko o nā ʻili o ka ʻili ma ke kua, kahi e lawe ai ka amphibian i nā hua;
• kekahi ʻano rana Australia hua i loko o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻuʻu. No ka manawa o ka hāpai ʻana i ka ʻōpū me ke kōkua o ka prostaglandin, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hana o ka hana ʻana i ka wai gastric.

No ka manawa holoʻokoʻa o ka hānau ʻana o ka tadpole, ʻelua mau mahina, ʻaʻole ʻai ka rana i kekahi mea, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ana. I loko o kēia manawa, hoʻohana wale ʻo ia i nā hale kūʻai kūloko o ka glycogen a me ka momona, i mālama ʻia i loko o kona ake. Ma hope o ka hāpai ʻana o ka rana, e emi ana ka nui o ke ake o ka rana ma kahi helu ʻekolu a ʻaʻohe momona i koe ma ka ʻōpū ma lalo o ka ʻili.

Ma hope o ka oviposition, haʻalele ka hapa nui o nā wahine i kā lākou paʻa ʻana, a me nā wai hoʻohua, a hele i ko lākou mau wahi maʻamau.

Hoʻopuni mau ʻia nā hua e ka nui papa gelatinous. He kuleana nui ka ʻili hua, no ka mea, pale ʻia ka hua mai ka maloʻo ʻana, mai ka pōʻino, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, pale ʻia ia mai ka ʻai ʻia ʻana e nā mea ʻaihue.

Ma hope o ka waiho ʻana, ma hope o kekahi manawa, pehu ka pūpū o nā hua a lilo i loko o kahi papa gelatinous transparent, i loko e ʻike ʻia ai ka hua. ʻO ka hapa luna o ka hua he pōʻeleʻele, a ʻo ka hapa haʻahaʻa, he māmā. ʻOi aku ka wela o ka ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kukuna o ka lā. I loko o nā ʻano amphibian he nui, e lana ana nā puʻupuʻu hua i ka ʻili o ka waihona, kahi i ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka wai.

Hoʻopaneʻe ka wela haʻahaʻa o ka wai i ka ulu ʻana o ka embryo. Inā mahana ka ʻāina, māhele ka hua i nā manawa he nui a lilo i ʻōhua multicellular. ʻElua pule ma hope mai, puka mai ka ʻōpuʻu mai loko mai o ka hua.

Tadpole a me kona ulu ʻana

Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka pua hāʻule ka tadpole i ka wai. Ma hope o 5 mau lā, i ka pau ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā meaʻai mai nā hua, hiki iā ia ke ʻau a ʻai iā ia iho. He waha me nā ʻāwae horny. ʻAi ka tadpole i nā algae protozoan a me nā microorganism wai ʻē aʻe.

I kēia manawa, ʻike mua ʻia ke kino, ke poʻo, a me ka huelo i loko o nā tadpoles.

Nui ke poʻo o ke kāwele, 'a'ohe lala, 'o ka hope o ke kino ke 'ano o ka fin, 'ike 'ia kekahi laina 'ao'ao, a aia kahi omo ma kahi kokoke i ka waha (hiki ke 'ike 'ia ke 'ano o ka tadpole e ka mea omo). ʻElua lā ma hope mai, ua ulu ka ʻāwā ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka waha me ke ʻano o ka nuku manu, e hana ana me he mea ʻoki uwea i ka wā e ʻai ai ka tadpole. Loaʻa nā ʻuʻu me nā puka gill. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, aia lākou i waho, akā i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hoʻololi lākou a hoʻopili i nā arches gill, aia i loko o ka pharynx, ʻoiai ke hana nei e like me nā gills kūloko maʻamau. ʻO ka tadpole he puʻuwai ʻelua keʻena a hoʻokahi kahe.

Wahi a ka anatomy, ua kokoke ka tadpole i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka iʻa, a i ke oʻo ʻana, ua like ia me kahi ʻano mea kolo.

Ma hope o ʻelua a ʻekolu mau mahina, e ulu hou nā tadpoles, a laila nā wāwae mua, a pōkole mua ka huelo, a laila nalowale. I ka manawa like, ulu pū ka māmā.. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana no ka hanu ʻana ma ka ʻāina, hoʻomaka ka tadpole i kona piʻi ʻana i ka ʻili o ka waihona e ale i ka ea. ʻO ka hoʻololi a me ka ulu ʻana e hilinaʻi nui i ka wā wela.

ʻAi mua nā ʻuʻuʻu i ka meaʻai o nā mea kanu, akā neʻe mālie i ka meaʻai o kekahi ʻano holoholona. Hiki i ka rana i hoʻokumu ʻia ke pae i uka inā he ʻano honua, a i ʻole e hoʻomau i ka noho ʻana i ka wai inā he ʻano wai. ʻO nā rana i pae mai i uka he poʻe kamaliʻi. ʻO nā Amphibians e waiho ana i kā lākou mau hua ma ka ʻāina, hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana me ka ʻole o ke kaʻina o ka metamorphosis, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka hoʻomohala pololei ʻana. Ma kahi o ʻelua a ʻekolu mau mahina ka hoʻomohala ʻana, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua a hiki i ka hopena o ka ulu ʻana o ka tadpole i loko o kahi rana piha.

Amphibious poison dart frogs hōʻike i ka hana hoihoi. Ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā ʻōpuʻu mai nā hua, hoʻoili ka wahine ma kona kua, i kēlā me kēia, i ka piko o nā kumulāʻau i loko o nā pua pua, kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ka wai ma hope o ka ua. ʻO ia ʻano ʻauʻau he lumi keiki maikaʻi, kahi e ulu mau ai nā keiki. ʻO kā lākou meaʻai he hua manu ʻole.

Loaʻa ka hiki ke hana hou i nā cubs ma kahi o ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke ola.

Ma hope o ke kaʻina hana hānau noho nā rana ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka wai a i ʻole e hoʻomau i kahakai ma kahi kokoke i ka waihona, ʻoiai e hele ana ka ʻeleʻele i uka mai ka waihona. Hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka ʻano o nā amphibian e ka haʻahaʻa. I ka wā wela a maloʻo, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā rana ʻeleʻele, no ka mea, hūnā lākou i nā kukuna o ka lā. Akā ma hope o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā, loaʻa iā lākou ka manawa hahai holoholona. No ka noho ʻana o nā rana ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko a kokoke i ka wai, ʻimi pū lākou i nā hola o ke ao.

Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau anuanu, neʻe nā rana brown i ka waihona. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana o ka wai ma mua o ka mahana o ka ea, e pohō nā rana ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i lalo o ka waihona no ke kau anuanu o ka hoʻoilo.