Castration o nā ʻīlio: nā pono a me nā pōʻino

ʻO ka castration kāne a i ʻole sterilization? Pono e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka castration a me ka sterilization. Aia kekahi manaʻo i waena o nā kamaʻāina he hoʻokahi kēia a me ka hana like, ʻo ka inoa wale nō e pili ana i ke kāne o ka holoholona. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pololei loa kēia - a i ʻole, hoʻopunipuni loa. Inā ʻo ka castration o nā ʻīlio ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻōpū hānau ma ke ʻoki ʻana, a laila ʻo ka sterilization kekahi hana ʻokiʻoki, akā me ka manaʻo e hoʻōki i ka hiki ke hana hou i ka wā e mālama ai i nā ʻōpū hānau.

He aha ka mea e hana ai, e hoʻoholo ka mea nona ka ʻīlio iā ia iho. No ka mea ʻaʻole hoʻohuli ka hana, pono e noʻonoʻo i nā mea pilikia a pau, e kaupaona i nā pono a me nā pōʻino o ka hoʻolei ʻana i kahi ʻīlio. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā nuances, pono e hoʻomaopopo ka mea nona ka wā e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka ʻīlio, inā hiki ke hoʻolei i ka ʻīlio a me ka nui o nā mahina. Pehea ka hopena o ka castration i ka hana a ka ʻīlio? Pehea ka hoolei ana i na ilio? ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole nui ka ʻōlelo aʻo a ka veterinarian i kēia mea.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka castration a me ka sterilization

He liʻiliʻi nā mea nona a me nā mea hoʻohua i hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau hana.

ʻO ka canine castration kahi hana ʻokiʻoki i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka anesthesia maʻamau e wehe i nā ʻōpū hānau i nā kāne a i ʻole nā ​​​​ovaries i nā wahine.

ʻO ka sterilization kahi hana ʻokiʻoki i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka anesthesia āpau i mea e hōʻino ai i ka hiki ke hānau. ʻO ke kumu o ka sterilization ka uhi ʻana o nā kahawai seminal a i ʻole ka fallopian tubes i nā ʻīlio, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka pau ʻana o ka hana ʻana o nā hormones sex a me nā cell. Ma hope o ka sterilization, hiki ke male. Akā, ʻaʻole e hāpai ka ʻīlio, ʻaʻole e hānau keiki. Manaʻo ka poʻe he nui ka castration o nā ʻīlio no nā kāne wale nō, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka sterilization no nā wahine. ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia: ʻokoʻa ka sterilization o nā kāne ʻelua no ka mea ua nakinaki ʻia nā ʻōpū fallopian i nā wahine, a me nā ducts seminal i nā kāne.

Pono anei e hoolei i ka ilio?

ʻOiai ua ulu aʻe ka ʻīlio o nehinei, a ʻoiai ʻo ia e makemake mau ana i nā mea pāʻani ma ka home, ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā mea ʻala a me nā wahine i ke alanui. Manaʻo ka nui o nā mea nona ka liʻiliʻi o ka pōmaikaʻi mai ka castration a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻoheheʻe i kahi ʻīlio: he mea maʻamau ka hānau ʻana o nā ʻīlio, a inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia kēia hana, a laila me ka noho mālie, hiki ke ulu nā pathologies i nā kāne a wahine.

Loaʻa i nā bitches unneutered i ka maʻi koʻikoʻi me ka makahiki - pyometra a me nā maʻi mammary.

I nā kāne, me ka ʻole o ka male ʻana, lilo nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā hormones i kumu kumu o ka hana ʻino. Hōʻailona ke kāne makua i kona ʻāina, me nā mea hale. ʻO kāna mau hana e hoʻopūʻiwa ʻia me ka lele koke ʻana i nā kānaka, nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe a me nā lako i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka home. Wahi a nā helu helu, ʻo ka helu nui loa o nā kelepona i nā mea lapaʻau me kahi noi no ka euthanasia e pili pū ana me ka hana ʻino o nā kāne. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu o ka huhū i nā ʻīlio non-castrated ʻo nā pilikia hormonal e pili ana i ka uhaki ʻana i ka physiology o ka pōʻai wahine. Hoʻopau pinepine ka ʻokiʻoki i kēia pilikia pili.

Ma waho aʻe o ka pilikia e pili ana i ka hana, pono ka castration no nā kumu olakino. ʻO ke kumu ka pathology o ka ʻōnaehana genitourinary a i ʻole ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi. Manaʻo ka poʻe Veterinarians i ka mea nona nā mea hānai ʻole i ka neuter kāne a me nā wahine inā ʻaʻohe contraindications, a hoʻoholo pū i ka wā maikaʻi loa e neuter i kahi ʻīlio.

ʻO nā pono a me nā pōʻino o ka neutering ʻīlio

Kū pinepine ka nīnau o ka castration i ka wā e huhū a hyperactive paha ka holoholona. No laila, makemake nui ka poʻe nona: inā hoʻolei ʻia ka ʻīlio, e ʻoi aku ka mālie?

Ke hoʻololi nei i ke ʻano hormonal, hoʻopilikia ka castration i ka ʻano o ka ʻīlio a loaʻa iā ia nā pono a me nā pōʻino:

• Manaʻo nā kānaka lapaʻau a me nā mea mālama ʻīlio he mea pono e hoʻolei i kahi ʻīlio inā he ʻino;
• ʻOi aku ka mālie o nā kāne no ka mālama ʻana i loko o kahi keʻena a me ka hale, hoʻōki lākou i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka huhū i nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe, e hōʻailona ana i ko lākou ʻāina, nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa i ka hakakā ʻaʻole makemake iā lākou;
• Me ka emiʻana o ka hana o nā hormones, ua emi ka libido o ke kāne, ua nalowale ka hoihoi i nā bitches, ua nalowale ka manaʻo e pana, ua lilo ke kāne i mea hoʻolohe;
• ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi kānalua o ka castration i ka nalo ʻana o ka pilikia o ka maʻi ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka moekolohe, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pilina me nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe;
• ʻAʻole hiki i nā kāne castrated ke hoʻomohala i ka hyperplasia prostatic;
• He mea nui ka hana i ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi oncological o ka ʻōnaehana genitourinary no nā kāne a me nā wahine.

Loaʻa ka maikaʻi o ka castration o nā bitches: ʻoi aku ka mālie o ka hana, pau ka wela, paʻakikī ke ʻike i loko o kahi hale a hale paha. ʻOi aku ka palekana o ka hele ʻana me ka ʻīlio sterilized: ʻaʻole ia e holo a nalowale, ʻaʻole ia e hopu i nā maʻi mai nā kāne maʻi.

ʻAʻole ia he mea huna i ka lōʻihi o ka ola ʻana o nā ʻīlio i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua o nā ʻīlio i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia. ʻAʻole pili wale ke olakino o kahi holoholona i ka hoʻoilina a i ʻole ka maʻi. ʻO nā kumu koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻomake ʻole ʻana i ka wahine kekahi o nā kumu e pau ai ke ola o ka ʻīlio ma mua.

Hiki i nā hopena o ka castration ke loaʻa i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka ʻole o ka hormonal. ʻAʻole ia he mea maʻamau ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻīlio i ka hypothyroidism, kahi maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻili thyroid. Wahi a nā helu helu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kāne castrated i nā hana ʻino i loko o nā ʻiʻo iwi. ʻO ka nele o ka hormone kāne hiki ke hoʻopili i ke ʻano o ke kapa, ʻo ia hoʻi, e nalowale ana ka paʻakikī, lilo i palupalu. ʻO ka nui o nā pilikia e hoʻonui i ka makemake ma hope o ka castration, e hoʻoulu ai i ka momona i nā kāne a me nā wahine. A loaʻa pinepine nā ʻīlio momona i nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia e hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻōpū o nā ʻano nui a me nā ʻano nunui i ka urinary incontinence, i hōʻike ʻia i ka leakage liʻiliʻi, i ka manawa ma hope o ka hana.

ʻO kekahi o nā manawa koʻikoʻi o ka hana he anesthesia. ʻAʻole ʻae maikaʻi nā ʻīlio a pau. I ka wā o ka hana, hilinaʻi nui i ka helu pololei o ka dosage. Me ka hewa ma ke ala nui, aia ka pilikia o ka hopu ʻana i ka naʻau mai ka anesthesia. Pono e kūkākūkā ʻia ka pilikia o ka castration me ka veterinarian, e kaupaona ana i nā kumu pilikia āpau.

I ka makahiki hea i hooleiia ai na ilio?

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolei i kahi ʻīlio mai kekahi mau makahiki. No nā kumu he nui kēia. Hana nā Veterinarians i kahi hana no ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻōpū hānau mai 7 mahina a i hoʻokahi makahiki a me ka hapa. Pono e koho i kahi manawa, no ka mea, pono ka castration o nā ʻīlio e noʻonoʻo i ke kūlana o ke olakino a me ka makahiki. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā puppies liʻiliʻi, akā ʻaʻole makemake ʻia e lohi. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kāpī ʻana i ka ʻīlio ma muli o ka ʻano. No nā ʻīlio nui, lawe ʻia ka castration ma hope, ma muli o ka estrus mua. I nā ʻano liʻiliʻi, hiki mai kēia manawa ma mua. Kuhi ʻia ka ʻokoʻa e nā ʻano o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kino o ka holoholona. ʻO ke koi nui no nā kāne ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka iwi a me ke kūlana olakino o ke kino.

Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe Veterinarians e hoʻomaka nā kāne e ʻike i ka hopena o ka testosterone, no laila ma hope o ka castration, e loli maikaʻi kā lākou ʻano i loko o ʻeono mahina a i ʻole hoʻokahi makahiki. No laila, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopaneʻe i ka hana i ʻole e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hana moe kolohe. Akā inā wikiwiki ʻoe a hoʻolei i ke kakahiaka nui, e piʻi aʻe ka pilikia o nā maʻi. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻīlio e kūʻē i ke ʻano o ka ulu ikaika ʻana o ka ʻīlio me ka ulu ʻana o ka hip dysplasia a me ka osteosarcoma - ka maʻi maʻi iwi. Ma kahi o nā pathologies koʻikoʻi, hiki i ke kāne me ka castration mua ke hoʻōki i ka ulu a me ka ulu kino.

Manaʻo ʻia ka ʻoki ʻana no nā bitches no nā kumu olakino ma hope koke a i ʻole ma mua o ka estrus mua, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia manawa ma waena o 6-12 mau mahina, hoʻohui a i ʻole 2-4 mau mahina.

Kāpena kāne

I ka lāʻau lapaʻau holoholona, ​​hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana i nā testicles. I ka manawa, ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka castration o ka ʻīlio ma mua o ka hapahā o ka hola, ma muli o ka makahiki a me ke kaumaha o ke kāne.

I ka pae mua, loaʻa i ka holoholona ka anesthesia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ke kahua ʻoki. Ma ka papa ʻelua, hana ʻia kahi ʻoki longitudinal i ka scrotum ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke anawaena o ka testis. I ke kolu o ka pae, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka testis mai ka scrotum, hoʻopili ʻia kahi ligature i ke kaula spermatic e pale i ke koko. ʻO ka pae hope loa ka excision o ka testis a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻili ʻili i ka scrotum. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kāʻili ʻana i ka ʻīlio. Lawe ʻia ka ʻīlio mai ka maʻi maʻi.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā Veterinarians i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻonaninani - ʻoki ʻia o ka scrotum, ʻoi aku ka nani o ka nānā ʻana, akā ke hoʻonui maoli nei ke kumukūʻai o ka castration.

I ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka cryptorchid kāne, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hana, no ka mea, ua wehe ʻia ka testicle i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia.

ʻO nā uʻi castration

I loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau hou, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kekahi mau ʻano: ʻoki ʻia o ka ʻōpū a me nā ovaries, ka wehe ʻana i nā ovaries a me ka ligation o nā ʻōpū fallopian. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻana ma kahi o ka hapalua hola a hilinaʻi ʻia i ka pono o ke kauka holoholona a me ke kūlana o ka ʻīlio. ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻīlio he hana ʻōpū, i hana ʻia ma lalo o ka anesthesia āpau. I ka pae mua, loaʻa i ka bitch ka anesthesia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ke kahua ʻoki. I ka lua o ka manawa, hana ʻia ke komo ʻana i nā kino. I ke kolu o ka pae, ka hooponopono ana me na kino a me na kino o ka ilio. ʻO ka pae hope loa ka pani ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka ʻeha a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā suture ʻili. Lawe ʻia ka ʻīlio mai ka anesthesia. Ma hope o ka hana ʻana, hiki i kahi papa o nā antibiotics. I ka wā postoperative, hoʻokomo ka ʻīlio i kahi pale kūikawā no 3-6 mau lā.

ʻO kahi ala hou, pipiʻi, akā maʻalahi e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā bitches pono i nā lako kūikawā - kahi laparoscope. ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi nui o nā ʻano laparoscopic ka liʻiliʻi o ke kahe koko, kahi manawa hoʻihoʻi wikiwiki a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pilikia.

Contraindications no ka castration

Hiki ke komo i nā contraindications no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻīlio:

• ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kahi lāʻau āpau āpau a i ʻole kahi manawa pōkole ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana (ma lalo o hoʻokahi mahina);
• Me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona olakino kūikawā: ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ʻia nā makahiki, nā ʻīlio ma lalo o 5 mahina a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 6 mau makahiki no ka ʻoki ʻana;  
• Pathology o nā puʻupaʻa, nā maʻi o ka ʻōnaehana cardiovascular, kahi i contraindicated ka anesthesia;
• ʻAʻole ʻoluʻolu ka maʻi maʻi, hōʻemi i ka ʻai, hoʻonui ʻia ka mahana o ke kino, nalowale a i ʻole ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻaʻahu ʻaʻahu, ke kaumaha;
• ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi lele koʻikoʻi;
• He mea koʻikoʻi ka makahiki i ka wā o ke kaʻa ʻana: hiki i nā ʻīlio kahiko ke loaʻa nā contraindications i ke ʻoki ʻana, pili pinepine i nā maʻi maʻi.

Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻaʻole koi ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, akā hiki ke hana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma ke noi a ka mea nona a i ʻole ma ke noi ʻana o ka mea lapaʻau i ka hihia o kahi maʻi maʻi controversial. Hiki i ka noiʻi ke hōʻike inā he mea weliweli ka castration no ka ʻīlio a inā hiki ke hana ʻia ke ʻoki.

Hoʻomākaukau no kahi hana

ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ke kaʻina hana he pae koʻikoʻi, a me ka postoperative therapy. Inā loaʻa kahi kānalua liʻiliʻi, pono ia e hana i kahi hōʻailona, ​​​​e hele i kahi hōʻike koko maʻamau, mimi a me nā feces, kahi hoʻāʻo koko biochemical, kahi hōʻike ultrasound o nā ʻōpū o loko, e hōʻoia i ka ʻīlio e ʻae i ka anesthesia - kahi ECG o ka puʻuwai. E hana ka veterinarian i kahi hoʻokolokolo, hāʻawi i ka hopena e pili ana i ka hiki ke hana. Ma ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi mahina ma mua, pono e mālama ʻia kahi ʻīlio makua no nā parasites a dewormed, pono e loaʻa i ka passport nā hōʻailona ma nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pono ai. No ka mea ua hoʻolei ʻia ka ʻīlio ma lalo o ka anesthesia maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia e hānai i ka holoholona i ka lā o ka hana, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka wai inu no 6 mau hola.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka mea nona kekahi o nā kumu nui no ka hana kūleʻa; ʻO ka hoʻohauʻoli ʻana i ka ʻīlio a me ka noho pū ʻana me ia ke kī i ka hoʻōla maikaʻi ʻana mai ka maʻi anesthesia.

ʻO ka hana ma hope o ke kāpī ʻana

Inā ma mua o ka castration ua ʻeleʻele ka ʻīlio, makemake ʻia e pāʻani, e mau nō ia. ʻO ka hana ma hope o ka sterilization a me ka castration no ka manawa mua, ma ke kumu, ʻaʻole loli. Akā i ka wā lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā pōmaikaʻi. ʻOki ka ʻīlio ma ka pā kula i ke kaha ʻana i kēlā me kēia pou a me ka honi ʻana i kēlā me kēia lāʻau. Ma ke ʻano o ke kāne ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka mālie. ʻOi aku ka mālie o ka ʻīlio makua, ʻo ka hāpai hoʻopunipuni maʻamau ma hope o ka nalo ʻana o ka estrus. Akā inā, ma mua o ka hana ʻana, ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka hana a ke kāne e ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hoa hakakā a i ʻole ka wahine, a laila pono ke kōkua ʻana i ka puaʻa e loaʻa i kahi kumu hou. Inā loaʻa nā pilikia koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau loa ʻia e ka castration, e koi ʻia ke kōkua o ka mea mālama ʻīlio i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ʻano. ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo ka manaʻo ma hope o ka hana ʻana o kahi kāne a wahine paha i kāna mau hana hana a palaualelo paha, i hōʻike ʻia e nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano hana he nui, i hoʻomau i kā lākou hana ma hope o ka castration. Pono ka mea nāna e hoʻouka i ka holoholona me nā hana a me ka hana. E hoʻemi ʻia kēia launa ʻana i ka pāʻani kinipōpō a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā kauoha maʻalahi: pono ka ʻīlio, ʻoi aku ka sterilized, pono i kahi ʻano hana o ke ola. Ua ʻae ka poʻe holoholona holoholona i hoʻokahi mea: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano o ka ʻīlio kāpī ʻia i ka emi ʻana o ka huhū i nā ʻīlio ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻīlio ma hope o ka hana ʻana

I ka loaʻa ʻole o nā pilikia, i ka wā e ʻike hou ai ka ʻīlio ma hope o ka anesthesia, hiki ke lawe ʻia ka mea maʻi i ka home. Pono ka ʻīlio neutered hoʻomaha a mālama nui. He mea pono e hoʻonohonoho i kahi wahi mahana ma mua. I ka noho ʻana i kahi hale manu, pono ʻoe e lawe i kahi pipi i loko o ka hale - hoʻemi kēia i ka pilikia o nā maʻi. I nā hola mua ma hope o ka hana, hiki iā ʻoe ke inu i kahi wai liʻiliʻi, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hānai, no ka mea paʻakikī ke ale a hiki ke luaʻi. Ma hope o 4-6 mau hola, hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i kahi meaʻai, akā ʻo ka nele o ka makemake i ka lā ʻaʻole pono e hoʻāla.

He mea nui e nānā i ke kūlana o nā hili. Inā liʻiliʻi ka bitch i kaʻeha, ponoʻoe eʻaʻahu i kahi kola pale a iʻole kahi pale kūikawā. Inā ʻike ʻia ka suppuration a i ʻole divergence o nā seams, pono e nīnau koke i kahi veterinarian.

Ma hope o ka castration, hiki i ka holoholona ke wehewehe iā ia iho, he mea maʻamau kēia i ka lā mua ma hope o ka hana, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻāhewa i ka holoholona no kēia. Ma hope o 7-10 mau lā, pono e lawe ʻia ka ʻīlio i ke kauka. Inā hoʻohana ʻia nā kaula maʻamau i ka wā castration, pono ʻoe e hele mai e wehe i nā humuhumu.

Ke hala ka pae paʻakikī, pono ia e hoʻomau i ka nānā ʻana i ka holoholona, ​​​​pono e hāʻawi ʻia me kahi regimen māmā: mai hoʻonui iā ia me ka hele wāwae i ke anuanu, nā pāʻani ikaika a me ke aʻo ʻana.

ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ke kino

Ua like like ka castration kemika me ka ʻoki ʻana a hana ʻia ma luna o nā ʻīlio o nā kāne ʻelua. Hoʻolālā ʻia kāna hana e kāohi i nā hana hānau o ka bitch a hoʻopaʻa i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka testosterone i ke kāne. ʻO ke ʻano o ka castration kemika i loko o ka subcutaneous injection - kahi hoʻomākaukau i loaʻa i ka mea ikaika e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka maloʻo. No laila, hoʻopau ʻia ka makemake i ka wahine no ka manawa lōʻihi, mai ʻeono mahina a ʻekolu makahiki. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana a i ʻole ka wehe ʻana o ka capsule, hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā hana moe kolohe i nā ʻīlio. He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā ʻīlio a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pilikia no nā kāne a me nā wahine ma mua o ke ʻoki. ʻO kahi pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana o kēia kaʻina hana.

ʻAʻole ka ʻatikala he kāhea e hana!

No ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku o ka pilikia, manaʻo mākou e hoʻopili i kahi loea.

E nīnau i ke kauka

30 2020 Iune

Hana ʻia: Ianuali 13, 2021