He aha nā kaulahao meaʻai ma nā ululāʻau like ʻole: wehewehe a me nā laʻana

ʻO ke kaulahao meaʻai ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ikehu mai kona kumu ma o ke ʻano o nā mea ola. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea ola a pau, no ka mea, lawelawe lākou i mea ʻai no nā mea ola ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kaulahao meaʻai āpau he ʻekolu a ʻelima mau loulou. ʻO ka mea mua he mau mea hana - nā mea ola e hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā mea ola mai nā mea ʻole. He mau mea kanu kēia i loaʻa nā meaʻai ma o photosynthesis. E hele mai ana nā mea kūʻai aku - he mau mea ola heterotrophic kēia e loaʻa ana i nā mea lāʻau i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. He holoholona kēia: nā herbivores a me nā carnivores. ʻO ka loulou pani o ke kaulahao meaʻai ka mea maʻamau nā mea hoʻoheheʻe - nā microorganisms e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea ola.

ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa i ke kaulahao meaʻai he ʻeono a ʻoi aku paha nā loulou, no ka mea, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia loulou hou he 10% wale nō o ka ikehu o ka loulou mua, ua nalowale kekahi 90% ma ke ʻano o ka wela.

He aha nā kaulahao meaʻai?

ʻElua ʻano ʻano: ʻai a me ka detritus. ʻO ka mua he mea maʻamau i keʻano. I loko o ia mau kaulahao, ʻo ka loulou mua mau nā mea hana (mea kanu). Hoʻopiliʻia lākou e nā mea kūʻai o ka papa mua - nā holoholona herbivorous. ʻO ka mea aʻe - nā mea kūʻai aku o ka papa ʻelua - nā mea ʻaihue liʻiliʻi. Ma hope o lākou nā mea kūʻai o ke kolu o nā kauoha - nā mea hoʻomake nui. Eia kekahi, aia nō paha nā mea kūʻai ʻehā, ʻike mau ʻia kēlā mau kaulahao meaʻai lōʻihi i ke kai. ʻO ka loulou hope loa nā decomposers.

ʻO ke ʻano lua o nā kaapuni mana - ʻōpala - ʻoi aku ka maʻamau i nā ululāʻau a me nā savannahs. Kū lākou ma muli o ka nui o ka ikehu mea kanu ʻaʻole i pau i nā mea kanu herbivorous, akā make, a laila e decomposed e nā decomposers a mineralized.

Hoʻomaka nā kaulahao meaʻai o kēia ʻano mai ka detritus - nā koena organik o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. ʻO nā mea kūʻai mua i loko o ia mau kaulahao meaʻai, he mau pepeke, e like me nā pipi lepo, a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻimi, e like me nā hyenas, nā ʻīlio hae, nā vultures. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka bacteria e hānai ana i nā koena mea kanu ke lilo i mea kūʻai mua ma ia mau kaulahao.

I nā biogeocenoses, pili nā mea a pau i ke ʻano e hiki ai i ka hapa nui o nā mea ola ke lilo nā mea komo i nā ʻano kaulahao meaʻai ʻelua.

ʻO nā kaulahao meaʻai ma nā ululāʻau deciduous a hui pū ʻia

Hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā ululāʻau deciduous ma ka Northern Hemisphere o ka honua. Loaʻa iā lākou ma Western a me Central Europe, ma South Scandinavia, ma nā Urals, ma Western Siberia, East Asia, North Florida.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ululāʻau deciduous i ka lau ākea a me ka lau liʻiliʻi. Hōʻike ʻia nā mea mua e nā lāʻau e like me ka oak, linden, lehu, maple, elm. No ka lua - birch, alder, aspen.

ʻO nā ululāʻau hui pū kahi e ulu ai nā kumu coniferous a me nā lāʻau deciduous. ʻO nā ululāʻau i hui ʻia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke aniau. Aia ma ka hema o Scandinavia, ma ka Caucasus, ma ka Carpathians, ma ka Hikina mamao, ma Siberia, ma Kaleponi, ma ka Appalachians, kokoke i na loko nui.

ʻO nā ululāʻau hui pū ʻia me nā lāʻau e like me ka spruce, pine, ʻoka, linden, maple, elm, apple, fir, beech, hornbeam.

He mea maʻamau i nā ululāʻau deciduous a hui pū nā kaulahao meaʻai. ʻO ka loulou mua ma ke kaulahao meaʻai i loko o nā ululāʻau he mau ʻano mea kanu, nā hua e like me nā raspberries, blueberries, strawberries. elderberry, ʻili lāʻau, nati, cones.

ʻO nā mea kūʻai mua loa e lilo i herbivores e like me ka roe deer, elk, deer, rodents, no ka laʻana, squirrels, mice, shrews, a me nā hares.

ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku o ka papa ʻelua he poʻe ʻaihue. ʻO ka maʻamau he alopeke, ʻīlio hae, weasel, ermine, lynx, pueo a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e komo ka ʻano like i nā mea ʻai a me nā kaulahao meaʻai detrital ʻo ia ka ʻīlio hae: hiki iā ia ke ʻimi i nā mea momona liʻiliʻi a ʻai i ke kino.

Hiki i nā mea kūʻai aku ʻelua ke lilo i mea pio i nā mea ʻaihue nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā manu: no ka laʻana, hiki ke ʻai ʻia nā pueo liʻiliʻi e nā hawks.

ʻO ka loulou pani nā mea hoʻoheheʻe (ka bacteria palaho).

Nā laʻana o nā kaulahao meaʻai i loko o ka nahele deciduous-coniferous:

• ʻili birch - hare - wolf - decomposers;
• lāʻau - Maybug larva - woodpecker - hawk - decomposers;
• lau litter (detritus) – ilo – wili – pueo – decomposers.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kaulahao meaʻai ma nā ululāʻau coniferous

Aia ia mau ululāʻau ma ka ʻākau o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Aia nā lāʻau e like me ka pine, spruce, fir, kedera, larch a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Maʻaneʻi heʻokoʻa loa nā mea a pau nā ululāʻau huikau a me nā lau.

ʻO ka loulou mua i kēia hihia ʻaʻole ia he mauʻu, akā ʻo ka moss, nā kumu lāʻau a me nā lichens. Ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o nā ululāʻau coniferous ʻaʻole lawa ka mālamalama no ka uhi ʻana o ka mauʻu.

No laila, ʻokoʻa nā holoholona e lilo i mea kūʻai aku i ka papa mua - ʻaʻole pono lākou e ʻai i ka mauʻu, akā ʻo ka moss, lichens a me nā kumu lāʻau. Hiki ke kekahi ʻano dia.

ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā kumu lāʻau a me nā mosses, ʻike mau ʻia nā mea kanu a me nā lāʻau i loko o nā ululāʻau coniferous. ʻO kēia nā nettle, celandine, strawberry, elderberry. ʻAi maʻamau nā hares, moose, squirrels i kēlā mau meaʻai, hiki ke lilo i mea kūʻai mua.

ʻO nā mea kūʻai o ka papa ʻelua, e like me nā ululāʻau hui, nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO kēia nā mink, bear, wolverine, lynx a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hiki ke lilo i mea ʻaihue liʻiliʻi e like me ka mink nā mea kūʻai kauoha ʻekolu.

ʻO ka loulou pani e nā microorganisms o ka palaho.

Eia kekahi, ma nā ululāʻau coniferous ka mea maʻamau nā kaulahao meaʻai detrital. Maʻaneʻi,ʻo ka loulou mua e lilo pinepine i mea kanu humus, i hānaiʻia e ka bacteria lepo, e lilo ana, i meaʻai no nā holoholona unicellular iʻaiʻia e nā haʻi. He lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ia mau kaulahao a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ʻelima mau loulou.

Nā laʻana o nā kaulahao meaʻai ma ka nahele coniferous:

• pine nuts - squirrel - mink - decomposers;
• kanu humus (detritus) – bacteria – protozoa – fungi – bear – decomposers.