ʻO 10 mau mea ʻike archaeological nui

ʻO Archeology kekahi o nā ʻepekema kupanaha loa, no ka mea, hiki iā mākou ke aʻo i nā kikoʻī he nui i ʻike ʻole ʻia (a i kekahi manawa i ʻike ʻole ʻia) o ka mōʻaukala kanaka mahalo i nā koena o ka moʻomeheu waiwai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia.

ʻO kahi archaeologist kahi mea ʻike makaʻu a ʻo ka ʻepekema forensic i ʻōwili ʻia i hoʻokahi. Mai nā iwi ʻelua a me kahi ʻāpana metala ʻeleʻele, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoholo i ka mea i hana ʻia ma kēia wahi he mau haneli, inā ʻaʻole he mau tausani makahiki i hala.

ʻO kā mākou moʻolelo waiwai e hōʻike iā ia iho me ka makemake ʻole, me ka mālie: i kekahi manawa ʻo kahi ʻike koʻikoʻi wale nō e pono ai ka ikaika a me ke kino a me ka nui o ka manawa. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka waiwai a me ka hoihoi o nā hopena.

Eia he 10 wale nō o nā ʻike archaeological koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o kēia ʻepekema.

10 Sila Palolo o Baruka

ʻO kekahi o nā mea waiwai nui loa i loaʻa mai ke kahua o ka archeology "biblical" ʻo ia ka sila pilikino o Baruch ben-Neriah.

ʻAʻole wale ʻo Baruka he hoaaloha a me ke kōkua o ke kāula ʻo Ieremia (a, i kēia manawa, kāna kākau ʻōlelo), akā ʻo ia ka mea kākau moʻolelo o kēia kanaka naʻauao.

Ua loaʻa ka sila i ka makahiki 1980 e ka mea kālaihonua ʻIseraʻela ʻo Nachman Avigad. Loaʻa iā ia kahi palapala - "lbrkyhw bn nryhw hspr", ʻo ia hoʻi "Baruka, ke keiki a Neria, kākau ʻōlelo".

Ma ke ala, ʻaʻole naʻe i kākau nā Iudaio me nā hōʻailona Hebera, akā me nā hua ʻokoʻa e like me ko Poinikia. ʻO ia mau hōʻailona (ma ke ʻano o kahi wili liʻiliʻi me kahi inoa i kālai ʻia a kau ʻia ma ke kaula a puni ka ʻāʻī) lawelawe ʻia i ka honua kahiko ma ke ʻano he pūlima, i kau ʻia ma luna o kahi puʻupuʻu pālolo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻaelike a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea nui ʻē aʻe. palapala i kakauia ma ka palapala.

9. Hale Palapala Hāpai Nag Hammadi

I ka makahiki 1945, ua loaʻa i ka mea mahiʻai ʻo Mohammed Ali Samman kahi hōʻiliʻili o 12 mau code kahiko i kākau ʻia ma ka papyrus kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Nag Hammadi (ʻAigupita) (he 13 wale nō ʻāpana o ka codex 8), ka mea i wehe i ka pale huna i uhi ʻia i nā kenekulia mua. o ka hoomana Karistiano.

Ua ʻike ka poʻe mōʻaukala he 52 mau kikokikona i loko o nā code, ʻo ia ka 37 i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua, a ʻo ke koena ua ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻana i nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, nā ʻōlelo, nā kuhikuhi, etc.

Aia i loko o nā kikokikona kekahi mau ʻEuanelio, ʻāpana o ka puke a Plato ʻo "The State", a me nā palapala i haʻalele loa mai ka ʻōlelo Karistiano hou a kūʻē i ka Baibala.

Wahi a nā mea kākau moʻolelo, ua hana ʻia kēia mau papyri i ka makahiki XNUMX BC. a hūnā ʻia e nā mōneka o kahi monastery Kalikiano kokoke ma hope o ke kauoha ʻana o Alexandrian Archbishop Athanasius I ka Nui i ka luku ʻana i nā kikokikona non-canonical. I kēia manawa ua mālama ʻia kēia mau code ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Cairo.

8. Pohaku a Pilato

Ua lohe mākou a pau i ka moʻolelo o ke kaulia ʻana o Kristo a ʻike mākou i ka mea nāna i hoʻopaʻi iā ia i kēia hoʻopaʻi ʻeha. Akā, a hiki i ka makahiki 1961, ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike e ola maoli ana ʻo Ponotio Pilato (procurator o Iudea) ma ke ʻano he kanaka ola, ʻaʻole i haku ʻia e nā mea kākau o ke Kauoha Hou.

A ʻo ka hope loa, i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana ma Kaisareia, ua loaʻa i ka mea kālaihonua ʻItalia ʻo Antonio Frava kekahi papa pālahalaha nui ma hope o ka hale amphitheater, kahi āna i heluhelu ai i ka palapala Latina "Tiberium ... Pontius Pilato, prefect of Judea ... dedicated ...".

No laila, ʻo ka mea mua, ua ʻike ʻia he kanaka mōʻaukala maoli ʻo Pilato, a ʻo ka lua, ʻaʻole ʻo ia he procurator, akā he prefect (ia manawa naʻe, nā kuleana a me nā kuleana o ka poʻe i paʻa i kēia mau kūlana ʻelua ma nā panalāʻau Roma. ua aneane like).

Aia ka pōhaku a Pilato i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo ʻIseraʻela ma Ierusalema.

7. nā mōʻalihaʻi dinosaur

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea e ʻōlelo maopopo i ka wā i loaʻa mua ai nā iwi dinosaur, akā ʻo ka hihia mua i kākau ʻia o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koena o nā dinosaurs kahiko i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1677, i ka manawa i hoʻoholo mua ai ʻo Polofesa ʻO Oxford ʻo Robert Plott, ka mea i loaʻa i kahi femur nui o kahi holoholona ʻike ʻole. he hapa keia o kekahi o na elepani, i laweia mai i Beretania e ko Roma, a hiki i ka hopena o ka hopena, he mau koena keia o ke kanaka hewa i make i ke Kaiakahinalii.

(Ma ke ala, a hiki i ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua manaʻo pinepine ka poʻe i nā iwi dinosaur he koena o nā mea pilikua Baibala, akā ʻo ka Kina, ka mea i kokoke loa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau iwi deragona a hāʻawi pū i nā mea ho'ōla iā lākou) .

Ma muli o ka hoʻomana nui ʻana o ka poʻe ma ʻEulopa a hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke noʻonoʻo i ke ola ʻana o nā mea nunui ʻē aʻe ma ka honua (ʻaʻole i hana ʻia e ka Haku).

ʻAe, i ka makahiki 1824, ua wehewehe mua ke kanaka kālaihonua Pelekania a me ka paleontologist ʻo William Buckland i nā ʻano dinosaur āna i ʻike ai - megalosaurus (ʻo ia hoʻi, "moo nui"). Ua ʻike ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "dinosaur" i ka makahiki 1842.

6. Pompeii

Ma ka haʻiʻana i ka inoa "Pompeii", e hoʻomanaʻo koke kekahi i ka pena kaulana a Karl Bryullov "The Last Day of Pompeii", kekahi - ke kiʻi hou "Pompeii" me Kit Harington.

I kekahi hihia, aneane lohe nā kānaka a pau e pili ana i kēia kūlanakauhale, i luku ʻia e Vesuvius i ka hopena o ʻOkakopa 79 AD (akā ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe āpau ua make ʻelua mau kūlanakauhale me Pompeii - Herculaneum a me Stabiae).

Ua ʻike wale ʻia lākou: i ka makahiki 1689, ua hina ka poʻe hana e ʻeli ana i ka luawai ma luna o nā wahi neoneo o kahi hale kahiko, aia ma ka paia kahi palapala me ka huaʻōlelo "Pompeii". Akā, manaʻo wale lākou ʻo ia kekahi o nā villa o Pompey the Great.

A i ka makahiki 1748 wale nō, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻeli ʻana ma kēia wahi, a ʻo ko lākou alakaʻi ʻo ia ka ʻenekini pūʻali koa RJ Alcubierre i manaʻo ua loaʻa iā ia ka Stabiae. Ua makemake wale ʻo ia i nā mea waiwai, hoʻopau wale ʻo ia i ke koena (a hiki i ka huhū o nā archaeologists i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo).

I ka makahiki 1763, ua akaka loa ia, aole o Stabiae ke kulanakauhale i loaa, aka, o Pompeii, a i ka makahiki 1870, manao iho la ka mea hulihonua o Giuseppe Fiorelli e hoopiha i na hakahaka i waihoia ma kahi o ka poe make, a uhiia me ka lehu o na kanaka. holoholona holoholona, ​​pela e loaa ai ko lakou make make pololei.

I kēia lā, ua ʻeli ʻia ʻo Pompeii ma kahi o 75-80%.

5. Nā Pōʻani Moana Moana

A ʻike hou kekahi mai ke kahua o ka archeology "Baibala", he mea nui loa ia no ka poʻe ʻepekema e aʻo ana i ke kumu a me nā dogmas o nā hoʻomana honua (ma kēia hihia, ka Iudaio a me ka hoʻomana Karistiano mua).

ʻO nā palapala 972, i kākau nui ʻia ma ka ʻili pepa (a ʻo kekahi hapa ma ka papyrus), ua ʻike ʻia e kahi kahu hipa maʻamau i nā ana ʻo Qumran ma ka ʻāina o ke Kai Make. ʻO kahi hapa nui o ia mau mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka palekana i nā ipu seramika.

No ka manawa mua i ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻōwili waiwai i ka makahiki 1947, akā ʻike mau ʻia lākou i kēlā me kēia manawa. ʻO ka manawa o kā lākou hana ʻana ma kahi o 250 BC. mamua o ka makahiki 68 AD

ʻOkoʻa nā palapala i ka ʻike: ma kahi o kahi hapakolu o lākou he mau puke Baibala, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe he apocrypha (nā wehewehe ʻole canonical o ka mōʻaukala kapu), nā kikokikona a nā mea kākau hoʻomana ʻike ʻole ʻia, nā hōʻiliʻili o nā kānāwai Iudaio a me nā lula o ke ola a me nā ʻano i ke kaiāulu, etc. .

I ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Israel i ka hapa nui o kēia mau kikokikona (me ke kākoʻo o Google) a kau ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele.

4. Ka halekupapau o Tutankhamun

Ua kaulana loa ka inoa "Tutankhamun". Ua ʻike ʻia ma 1922 ma ke awāwa o nā aliʻi ma ka ʻāina ʻo Luxor, ʻo ka hale kupapaʻu 4-keʻena o kahi pharaoh ʻōpio, i ʻaihue ʻia i ʻelua mau manawa i ka wā kahiko, akā mālama ʻia nā mea waiwai he nui, ua lilo ia i mea nui loa i loaʻa ʻaʻole wale ma ke kahua o Egyptology, akā, i loko o ka honua holoʻokoʻa archeology.

Loaʻa i ka nui o nā mea nani, nā mea hale, a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā mea hoʻomana i hele pū me ka pharaoh i ka "honua maikaʻi".

Akā ʻo ka waiwai nui ʻo ia ka sarcophagus o Tutankhamen, kahi i mālama pono ʻia ai kona mummy. Ua loaʻa kēia lua kupapaʻu i ka mea kālaihonua a me ʻAigupita ʻo Howard Carter lāua ʻo George Carnarvon, he haku Pelekane a ʻohi ʻohi i nā mea kahiko.

Ma ke ala, ma muli o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i kahi e mālama ʻia ai nā waiwai i loaʻa - ma ʻAigupita ponoʻī a i ʻole ma Beretania (ka ʻāina hānau o nā mea ʻike), ʻaneʻane ʻino ka pilina ma waena o kēia mau ʻāina ʻelua, a ua aneane kipaku ʻia ʻo Carter mai ʻAigupita a mau loa.

3. Ana o Altamira

He nui nā ana ma ka mokuʻo Sepania o Cantabria, a no laila, i ka makahiki 1868 i ʻike ai ka mea hahai holoholona ʻo Modest Cubillas Peras i kahi ʻē aʻe ma kahi kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Santillana del Mar (ʻaneʻane uhi ʻia kona komo ʻana e ka hili ʻāina), ʻaʻohe mea i pili nui. mea nui i keia.

Akā i ka makahiki 1879, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, ka mea kālaihonua kamaʻāina, e aʻo iā ia. ʻO kāna kaikamahine 9 makahiki ʻo Maria me ia a, e like me kekahi manaʻo, ʻo ia ka mea i huki i ka manaʻo o kona makuakāne i nā kiʻi pena polychrome nani ma ke kaupaku o ke ana, me ka hoʻōho ʻana "Papa, nā bipi!"

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka bison, nā lio, nā puaʻa hihiu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma nā paia a me nā waihona o ke ana ʻo Altamira mai 15 a 37 tausani mau makahiki, a no ka Upper Paleolithic au. Ua pena ʻia ʻo "Bulls" me ka lanahu, ka oker a me nā kala kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe.

No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hoʻāʻo kekahi poʻe kālaihonua Sepania e hōʻoiaʻiʻo he hoʻopunipuni ʻo Sautuola. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke manaʻo ua hiki i ka poʻe kahiko ke hōʻike i nā holoholona me ke akamai.

ʻO Altamira kahi kahua hoʻoilina honua UNESCO mai ka makahiki 1985.

2. pōhaku rosetta

I ka makahiki 1799, kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Rosetta ma ʻAigupita (ʻo Rashid i kēia manawa), ua loaʻa kahi stele pōhaku, ua uhi ʻia ka ʻili i kahi kikokikona i ʻekolu mau ʻōlelo.

Ua ʻike ʻia e ke kāpena o nā pūʻali Farani (e hoʻomanaʻo i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ʻAigupita a Napoleon I) ʻo Pierre-Francois Bouchard, nāna i alakaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana o Fort Saint-Julien ma ka Nile Delta.

ʻOiai he kanaka naʻauao, mahalo ʻo Bouchard i ke koʻikoʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana a hoʻouna ʻia i Kairo, i ka Institute of Egypt (wehe ʻia e ke kauoha a Napoleon i hoʻokahi makahiki i hala). Ma laila, ua aʻo ʻia ka stele e nā archaeologists a me nā linguists, ka mea i ʻike i ka palapala, i hana ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo ʻAigupita kahiko (a hana ʻia ma hieroglyphs), ma lalo - i kahi palapala Demotic nui ma hope, a ma lalo hoʻi - ma ka Helene kahiko, ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia. ia Ptolemy V Epiphanes a ua hana ʻia e nā kāhuna ʻAigupita i ka makahiki 196 BC

No ka mea ua like ka manaʻo o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu, ʻo ia ka Rosetta Stone i lilo i wahi hoʻomaka no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hieroglyphs ʻAigupita kahiko (e hoʻohana ana i kā lākou hoʻohālikelike kumu me ka kikokikona Helene kahiko).

A ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻāpana o ka stele me nā hieroglyphs i hōʻino nui ʻia, ua lanakila nā ʻepekema. Aia ka Pōhaku Rosetta i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pelekane.

1. awāwa kahiko

ʻO Olduvai Gorge (he 40-kilomita crevice e holo ana ma nā pāpū ʻo Serengeti ma Tanzania, 20 km mai ka lua o Ngorongoro) ʻo ia kahi i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1950 a me nā makahiki 1960. Ua ʻike nā kānaka kālaihonua kaulana ʻo Louis lāua ʻo Mary Leakey i nā iwi o ka mea ma mua o ke kanaka o kēia wā - "handy man" (homo habilis), a me nā koena o kahi ʻano ʻāpe nui mua (Australopithecine) a me Pithecanthropus ma hope.

ʻO ka makahiki o nā koena kahiko loa ma mua o 4 miliona mau makahiki. ʻO ia ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia ai ʻo Olduvai ʻo ia ka "moe o ke kanaka." Ma ke ala, ma 1976, ma Olduvai, ua ʻike ʻo Mary Leakey lāua ʻo Peter Jones i nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae kaulana e hōʻike ana i ka hele pololei ʻana o ko mākou mau kūpuna ma 3,8 miliona mau makahiki i hala.

Aia ka nui o kēia mau mea i loaʻa i ka Olduvai Goj Museum of Anthropology and Human Evolution, i wehe ʻia i ka makahiki 1970 ma ke kahua o ko Mary Leakey ʻo Ngorongoro Conservation Area.