ʻO ke Kaiapuni i hoʻonui ʻia no nā pōpoki: Pono nā pōpoki i ka hui?

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka pōpoki he holoholona hele kaʻawale a ʻaʻole pono e hui pū me kekahi. Pela anei? A pono anei i ka popoki ka hui o na hoahanau, na holoholona a me ke kanaka?

Pono anei ka pōpoki e kamaʻilio me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe?

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā pōpoki e noho ana i kahi hui. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻokumu nā pōpoki i nā pūʻulu kūpaʻa e noho nei no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻohana, e hana ana i kahi hui kaiaulu paʻakikī a me ka launa pū ʻana me kekahi (no ka laʻana, Macdonald et al., 2000; Natoli et al., 2001; Crowell -Davis et al., 2004). ʻO ia hoʻi, ua ʻike ʻia, ma ke kumu, ʻaʻole lākou wale nō.

Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana o ka poʻe noiʻi i nā mea e pili ana i ka pilina kanaka (hōʻiliʻili pū ʻia: Turner, 2000) ma mua o ka pilina me nā ʻohana. No laila, pono nā ʻikepili hoʻokolohua hou aʻe e pili ana i ka pili ʻana o nā ʻike kamaliʻi i ke ola kaiapili o nā pōpoki makua, a me ka pilina ma waena o ka pāʻani kaiaulu i nā pōpoki a me nā ʻano pilikanaka i nā holoholona makua.

Eia naʻe, hiki ke huki ʻia kekahi mau hopena.

ʻIke ʻia he mea koʻikoʻi ka pilikanaka no nā kittens e like me nā ʻīlio. Akā i ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka manawa o ka launa pū ʻana i nā kittens: ma waena o ka lua a me ka hiku o nā pule o ke ola.

Pono e hoʻokomo i ka pilina kanaka kitten i nā ʻike kanaka maikaʻi (me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lima) (Karsh and Turner, 1988). A ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke ʻano o ka pipi i nā ʻohana e waiho pū ʻia i kēia wā. No laila, ua ʻike ʻo Kessler lāua ʻo Turner (1999) i ka launa pū ʻana o nā pōpoki i kēia mau makahiki e pili ana i nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kānaka i nā hale hou, me ka hui pū ʻana o nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe, ma mua o nā pōpoki me ka lawa ʻole o ka launa pū ʻana.

He mea nui hoʻi nā pilina pilikino. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou ola ʻana ma mua o nā pōpoki e noho pū ana me ka pili ʻole (Bradshaw a me Hall, 1999).

Hiki i nā pōpoki he nui ke noho i loko o ka hui o nā ʻohana, inā maikaʻi lākou i ka launa pū ʻana, loaʻa iā lākou ka nui o ka manawa a i kēlā me kēia manawa ke komo i nā kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi (kahi e hoʻomaha ai, kahi pahu litter, nā kīʻaha, nā mea pāʻani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). lawa no na mea a pau.

Inā he nui nā pōpoki i loko o ka hale, akā ʻaʻole pili a ʻaʻole i launa pū ʻia, pono paha e ʻimi i nā meaʻai, nā wahi e hoʻomaha ai a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe ma nā wahi like ʻole, mamao loa mai kekahi i kekahi i ʻole e noho kekahi mau pōpoki. ʻāpana ākea koʻikoʻi. a mai hoʻonele i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i nā waiwai nui (van den Bos and de Cock Buning, 1994).

Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau kūlana, hoʻomaka nā pōpoki e hakakā kekahi me kekahi, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke pale aku i nā skirmish ma ka noho kaʻawale ʻana mai kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻoulu ʻia ke koʻikoʻi maʻamau, e alakaʻi ana i ka makaʻu a i ʻole ka huhū o ka pōpoki, e pili ana i nā kānaka, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano pilikia (e like me ka haumia) (Casey and Bradshaw, 2000).

Piʻi ka pilikia o nā pilikia inā ʻehā a ʻoi aku paha nā pōpoki i loko o ka hale, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole pili lākou.

A inā hui nā pōpoki ma ke ʻano he poʻe mākua, ʻaʻole paha lākou e ʻike i kekahi i kekahi he mau lālā o ka ʻohana hoʻokahi, akā i ka manawa like e koi ʻia lākou e noho kokoke i kekahi. A ʻo kēia kūlana hoʻi ke kumu o ka pilikia, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻonāukiuki i nā ʻano pilikia āpau.

Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine nā pōpoki i kahi home me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e like me nā ʻīlio. Inā maikaʻi ka pilina o ka pōpoki a me ka ʻīlio, ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka nohona o ka pōpoki, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ola. Akā, inā i lilo ka pōpoki a me ka ʻīlio i mau hoaaloha. Inā ʻaʻole, pono e hana i nā kūlana e hoʻemi ʻia ai ke kamaʻilio ʻana o nā holoholona, ​​ʻoiai e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o lākou ke komo ʻole a palekana i nā kumuwaiwai kūpono.

No laila, pono e nānā pono nā mea nona ka pilina o nā pōpoki me nā ʻohana a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, a inā pono, e ʻimi i ke kōkua mai kahi loea.

Pono ka popoki i ke kanaka?

Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea nui o ka maikaʻi o kahi pōpoki ʻo ia ka mea nona a me ka pilina me ia. ʻOiai he mea nui ka launa pū ʻana me nā ʻohana a i ʻole nā ​​holoholona ʻē aʻe no nā pōpoki, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻololi i ka nānā ʻana o ke kanaka a me ka mālama maikaʻi.

I kēlā me kēia lā, pono ʻoe e lawe i ka manawa e launa pū me ka pōpoki (ʻoiaʻiʻo, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kaʻina hana maʻamau no ka mālama ʻana i ka purr). ʻOi aku ka nui o ka launa pū ʻana o ke kanaka me ka pōpoki, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻimi ʻana o ka pōpoki i ka pilina me ka mea nona. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā pilina i manaʻo ʻia e ka pōpoki ma mua o ka launa pū ʻana o ke kanaka (Turner, 1995).

He mea nui ka launa pū ʻana me ke kanaka i mea ʻoluʻolu no ka purr. No laila, pono e noʻonoʻo i kāna mau makemake. Makemake kekahi mau pōpoki i ka hahau ʻia ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana, a ʻo kekahi poʻe makemake e pāʻani (Karsh lāua ʻo Turner, 1988). Ma kahi noiʻi e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā pōpoki a me nā kānaka (Mertens, 1991), ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā pōpoki ʻo ia wale nō nā holoholona e kamaʻilio lōʻihi me ke kanaka a pāʻani pū me ia ma mua o nā pōpoki e noho pū ana me nā ʻohana.

Manaʻo ka mālama pipi kiʻekiʻe ʻaʻole makemake ke kanaka i ka holoholona wale nō, akā ʻike pū kekahi i ke ʻano o nā pōpoki. Hiki ke ʻohi ʻia ia ʻike mai nā kumu he nui, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole naʻe, ʻo ka ʻike i loko o nā puke a me ka Pūnaewele ke kū'ē pinepine. No laila, he mea nui e ʻimi i ka ʻike mai nā kumu hilinaʻi.