ʻO ka maʻi i loko o ka ʻīlio - nā kumu a pehea e mālama ai

Inā ʻaʻo ka ʻīlio - ka mea nui

1. ʻO ka maʻi he hōʻailona ia o ka maʻi ma lalo, e hana ana i mea pale e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea ʻē mai ka ʻili o ka ʻōnaehana hanu.

2. ʻO ka ʻuhu me he mea lā i hoʻoikaika ʻia ka exhalation ke

   glotisMāhele anatomical o ka larynx.

3. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻāʻī e pili ana i ka maʻi kumu a me kona localization.

4. ʻO nā kumu nui o ka maʻi i nā ʻīlio: nā pathologies congenital o ka ʻōpū hanu kiʻekiʻe (tracheal collapse,

   BCSʻO Brachycephalic Obstructive Syndrome), nā maʻi o nā kumu like ʻole (bacteria, viruses, helminths, fungi), ʻaʻole naʻau a me ka oncology.

5. ʻO nā ʻano kumu nui no ka ʻike ʻana i ka maʻi: ka nānā ʻana e ka mea lapaʻau, nā diagnostics X-ray, nā hoʻāʻo koko, nā hoʻokolohua kikoʻī no nā pathogens, CT diagnostics, bronchoscopy me ka lawe ʻana i kahi holoi mai ka māmā.

6. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi e pili ana i ka maʻi kumu a me kona ʻano. ʻO ka maʻamau i kuhikuhi ʻia: antibiotics, mucolytics a i ʻole antitussive lāʻau, bronchodilators, inhalations, glucocorticosteroids. I kekahi mau hihia (collapse, BCS), hōʻike ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

7. ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi e hiki mai i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka makahiki, ka pale ʻana i ka hypothermia a me ka puhi paka. ʻAʻole hiki ke pale ʻia nā pathologies congenital.

Pehea ka ʻīlio ʻāʻī?

Manaʻo kekahi poʻe - hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻā? ʻAe, hiki i ka ʻīlio ke ʻā. ʻIke ʻia, ʻike ʻia ka ʻū e like me ka pau ʻana me ka glottis pani. He hana pale ia no ka wehe ʻana i nā mea huna a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau ma mua o ka inhalation a me ka exhalation. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ma ke kaʻina o ka ʻuʻu ikaika paroxysmal, ʻo ka ʻāʻī o ka holoholona a haʻalulu ke kino.

I kekahi manawa, huikau ka poe nona ka ma'i me ka ma'i sneezing reverse. Hana ʻia ka sneezing hoʻohuli i ka wā e komo ai nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka larynx a me ka palapala palupalu. Hiki paha inā ʻike ʻoe i kāu pipi e ʻū ana ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, he kihe hope ia a ʻaʻole he ʻu. ʻO ka sneezing hoʻohuli he hana physiological maʻamau ʻaʻole pono ka mālama ʻana inā pinepine ka maʻi. Inā ʻaʻole e hele ka sneeze hope i loko o kekahi mau lā, pono kāu pipi e ʻike i ke kauka holoholona.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻū i nā ʻīlio

I mea e hoʻomaopopo ai a hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka ʻū, pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo i ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana hanu. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, pili pono ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka maʻi i kahi e hoʻomaka ai ka cough reflex.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hanu i ka ʻōpū hanu kiʻekiʻe (ihu ihu, larynx, ʻāpana o ka pharynx, trachea) a me ka ʻāpana hanu haʻahaʻa (bronchi a me nā māmā).

ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa maʻiʻO kahi pūʻulu o nā aʻalolo e ʻike i nā mea hoʻoulu ʻē aʻe a hoʻololi iā lākou i loko o ke aʻalolo, ma luna o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o ke aʻalolo e hoʻouna i ka ʻike i ka lolo, aia ma ka larynx, trachea a me ka bronchi nui.

Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Cough penei:

• Ma o ka huahua;

• Ma ka pinepine;

• ʻO ke ʻano;

• Me ke kahe.

ʻO ka huahana ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka sputum. ʻO ka ʻū hua ʻole i loko o kahi ʻīlio maloʻo, ʻaʻohe hoʻokuʻu. ʻO ka maʻi huahua i loko o ka ʻīlio he pulu, me ka sputum.

ʻO ka pinepine o ka maʻi he kakaikahi, ka manawa, pinepine.

Ma ke ʻano - pōkole, lōʻihi, paroxysmal.

Iho - acute, subacute, chronic.

No ke aha e ʻū ai ka ʻīlio - 9 kumu

Hiki ke nui nā kumu. E nānā mākou i nā mea maʻamau:

1. ʻO nā maʻi o ka ʻōpū hanu kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka hōʻino ʻana i ke ʻano anatomical o nā kino - tracheal collapse, BCS;

2. nā maʻi - bacteria, viral, helminthic, fungal;

3. ʻO ka ʻāʻī puʻuwai ma muli o ka pau ʻole o ka naʻau;

4. kaʻina oncological.

Ka hāʻule ʻana o ka trachea

ʻO ke kumu maʻamau o ka ʻū ma nā ʻano liʻiliʻi (York, Chihuahua, Pug) ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana o ka trachea. ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻūhā he hōʻemi ia o ka paipu tracheal ma kekahi ʻāpana. Hana ʻia ka paipu tracheal i nā apo tracheal. I ka wā o ka hāʻule ʻana, hāʻule kekahi hapa o nā apo, e hana ana i kahi haiki, e hōʻemi ana i ka permeability o ka ea. Hoʻoulu ʻia ka maʻi ma muli o ke ʻano o ke apo ʻana o ka tracheal i kekahi i kekahi i ka wā e hōʻemi ai a hoʻonāukiuki i nā mea e loaʻa ai ka maʻi.

ʻO ka ʻū i ka wā o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka trachea aia paha ma ke kua o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka manaʻo, huki i ka lei a ʻomi i ke kola o ka trachea, ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ke ea anuanu. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka pipi ke hoʻomaka e ʻū i ka wā e inu ai i ka wai. Hiki ke lilo i ka ʻū maloʻo pōkole a me ka paroxysmal. I kekahi manawa, hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe nona ka ʻū me ka kuihi kuihi - he hōʻailona kēia o kahi trachea hāʻule.

Pono paha ka hāʻule nui ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

maʻi maʻi BCS

ʻO BCS - kahi ʻāpana maka pōkole o ka iwi poʻo, kahi mea e pale ai i ka ea inhaled. Loaʻa kēia maʻi ma ka French a me English Bulldogs, Pugs, Griffons, Shih Tzu, Pekingese, Boston Terriers, Spitz, Chihuahuas, Boxers.

Hoʻomaka ia me ka pōʻino ʻole me nā puka ihu liʻiliʻi, akā i ka wā e hiki mai ana e pau nā mea āpau

hāʻule bronchialʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka lumen o ka bronchi. He pōʻino ka hāʻule ʻana o ka bronchi no ka pau ʻana o ka hana maʻamau o ke akemāmā, a ʻeha ka holoholona i ka nele o ka oxygen.

ʻO ia mau mea maʻi ke hana i nā leo ʻōhumu, ʻū nui. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ʻike nā mea nona ka bluish mucous membrane o ka waha waha.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi, a pinepine pono e hoʻohana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

Nā maʻi bacteria

Hiki i ka bacteria, e like me ke kanaka, ke kumu

ʻūhūʻO ka ʻaʻa o ka trachea, ʻOluominiʻO ka mumū o ka bronchi и bronchopneumoniaPonaumonia i nā ʻīlio. ʻO ka hōʻailona nui o kēia mau maʻi ʻo ka maʻi. ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau ka bacteria - staphylococci a me streptococci.

ʻO ka ʻīlio i loaʻa i ka maʻi maʻi bacteria e ʻū pinepine, i kekahi manawa a hiki i kahi kikoʻī. Hana ʻia ka gag reflex me ka ʻuʻu ikaika, i ka wā e haʻalulu ai ke kino holoʻokoʻa, a hoʻonāukiuki ka luaʻi.

Me ka bronchopneumonia, ʻaʻo ka pipi i ka haʻahaʻa, piʻi ka mahana o ke kino. Hoʻopili ʻia ka maʻi me ka lethargy, ka manaʻo ʻole, ka hanu kaumaha a me ka hana ʻana o ka sputum.

Nā maʻi viral

Hiki i nā maʻi maʻi he nui ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōnaehana hanu a hoʻoulu i ka ʻu. ʻO nā maʻi maʻamau: canine adenovirus type 2, canine respiratory coronavirus, canine influenza virus, canine herpesvirus, canine pneumovirus, canine parainfluenza virus. Mai kekahi mau maʻi, hiki iā ʻoe ke pale i ka holoholona ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā maʻi viral.

Hoʻomaka koke ka ʻāʻī, me ka ʻoki ʻole ʻana a i ʻole, a hele pū ʻia me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka mucous mai ka ihu. ʻO ke ʻano o ka maʻi maʻamau he ikaika, paroxysmal. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻīlio ke ʻā. Me nā hōʻeha koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻo ka pipi me he mea lā e ʻoki ana. Aia nō paha ka ʻū me ka gag reflex. ʻO ke kūlana o ka holoholona e hele pū me ka lethargy, ka manaʻoʻole a me ka piʻi pinepine o ka mahana o ke kino.

Hoʻouka kaua helminth

kekahi

nā maʻi helminthʻO ka maʻi pāpaʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ilo parasitic hiki ke hele pū ʻia me ka ʻaʻa. ʻO kēia ke kumu i ka wā e komo ai nā hua helminth i ka ʻōpū, hele ka ulu ʻana o nā pae larval i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hanu, a laila hoʻi i loko o ka digestive tract. Me he mea lā e kuha ana ka pipi i kekahi mea a ʻai hou ʻia nā ʻōhua me ka kohu i loko o ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka pinepine, he pathogens kēia. hookwormʻO ka Helminthiasis i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā ilo hoʻopaʻa, toxocarosisHelminth hoʻouka ʻia e nā helminths mai ka hui o nā nematodes.

Ma nā ʻāpana hema o Rūsia, ua maʻamau ka maʻi

dirofilariasisʻO ka maʻi parasitic i hoʻokumu ʻia e Dirofilaria immitis. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia o ka maʻi ma nā wahi waena o Rūsia. He maʻi helminth kēia i lawe ʻia e ka namu. Ua lawa ka makika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka holoholona. ʻO ka localization o nā helminths ka pulmonary artery, e haʻalele ana mai ka ventricle ʻākau o ka puʻuwai a i ka māmā. I kekahi manawa hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā helminths me echocardiography o ka puʻuwaiUltrasound o ka puʻuwai. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka noho ʻana o nā parasites i loko o nā moku o ka māmā, ʻo kā lākou hana koʻikoʻi e hōʻeha nui i ka bronchi a me nā māmā.

ʻO ka ʻīlio me ka dirofillariasis e ʻū mau, ua kaumaha kona hanu, hōʻole ka holoholona i ka hoʻoikaika kino. ʻAʻole lawe ʻia kēia maʻi i ke kanaka.

ʻAke puʻuwai

Hoʻopili ʻia me ka pau ʻole o ka naʻau. Akā, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻike ʻana o ka maʻi i ka wā e hoʻonui nui ʻia nā keʻena o ka puʻuwai a hoʻopaʻa i ka bronchi ma luna. ʻAʻohe ʻū i nā pae mua o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka naʻau.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā holoholona me ka maʻi puʻuwai ʻū ma hope o ka hiamoe. Akā me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka cardiogenic

kahema pulmonaryHoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻāpana wai o ke koko i loko o ka alveoli o ka māmā a hoʻopiha i ka māmā me ka wai. ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ke kiʻi - ke hanu nui nei ka ʻīlio a me ka ʻaʻa. I kēia hihia, pono e hōʻike koke ka pipi i ke kauka.

Ka hopena hoʻowali

Hiki nō hoʻi ke kumu o ka maʻi maʻi i ka ʻu. Hiki i ka allergy ke ulu i nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu i ke kau, nā kemika hale a me nā mea ʻala. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe (pollen, nā ʻāpana o nā kemika o ka hale), e kau ana i nā mucous membranes o ka ʻōpū hanu, hoʻoulu i kahi hopena inflammatory. Ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi hopena inflammatory, hoʻomaka ke ʻano o ka ʻū a me ka bronchospasm.

Hiki i ka ʻīlio ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe koke i kona ʻāʻī a haʻalulu i ka hoʻouka ʻana.

Fungal infections

I nā hihia liʻiliʻi, hiki ke kumu mai ka maʻi fungal. Hiki ke hoʻomaka nā mea a pau me kahi maʻi o ka ʻōpū hanu luna, a hoʻopau me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka bronchi a me nā māmā me ka nāwaliwali nāwaliwali a i ʻole ke kumu o kahi maʻi.

Maanei pono e koho i ka lāʻau kūpono a koho i kahi lāʻau antibiotic e kūʻē i nā fungi.

Makaʻi

I nā holoholona kahiko, ʻo ke kumu paha o ka ʻū

kaʻina oncologicalʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi ʻino a maikaʻi paha i loko o ka māmā. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke akemāmā e kahi maʻi kūʻokoʻa a me kaʻina hana metastaticʻO nā maʻi maʻi lua e ulu ana mai nā pūnaewele i ka piko muainā aia ka ʻeha i loko o kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ke kaʻina hana oncological i loko o ka māmā e hele pū me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka lua o ka umauma - hydrothorax. ʻO ia mau maʻi ke hanu nui a me ka ʻuʻu me ka uwē. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, inā pili ka ʻōnaehana hanu e kahi kaʻina tumor, maikaʻi ʻole ka prognosis. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka lāʻau hōʻailona wale nō e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hanu o ka mea maʻi.

lapaʻau '

Hoʻomaka ka hōʻike ʻana me ka hālāwai me ke kauka holoholona. Nānā ʻo ia i ka holoholona, ​​nānā

ʻūhā ʻūhāHoʻopiʻi liʻiliʻi o ka trachea, alakai auscultation o ka umaumaKe hoʻolohe nei i ka umauma me ka phonendoscope, palpation a me ka thermometry. Me ke kōkua o ka auscultation, hiki ke ʻike i ke keʻena o ka ʻōnaehana hanu i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ke kumu o ka maʻi.

Eia kekahi, mai poina e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana. Hiki i ka ho'āʻo ʻana i ke koko ke hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o kahi kaʻina inflammatory, anemia, helminthic a me nā hopena maʻi. Pono ka ho'āʻo koko biochemical no ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa no ke kuhikuhi ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic.

Nā kālailai kikoʻī (

PCBʻO ke kaulahao polymerase, ELISAHoʻopili immunosorbent assay, LAUA HANAʻIkepili Immunochromatographic) hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i kahi hōʻailona pololei o nā maʻi viral a me nā maʻi bacteria. Hoʻoholo lākou i ka pathogen e nā ʻāpana protein kikoʻī o ke koko.

I ka wā e ʻū ai, pono e hoʻokō i kahi x-ray o ka umauma i ʻelua projections: pololei a lateral.

ʻO kēia ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino i nā kino o ka ʻōnaehana hanu a hana i kahi hōʻailona. I kekahi manawa, koi ʻia nā diagnostics hou aʻe:

Nānā CTHoʻomohala helu, bronchoscopy me ka lawe bronchoalveolar lavage.

Manaʻo ʻia kahi CT scan ʻoi aku ka ʻike ma mua o ka X-ray, no ka mea e ʻae ia i kahi loiloi kikoʻī o ke ʻano a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino i ke kaʻina pathological. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia kēia haʻawina i nā kūlana hoʻopaʻapaʻa, inā ʻaʻole lawa ka x-ray e hana i kahi hōʻailona, ​​​​no ka laʻana, me ka hāʻule ʻana o ka trachea a i ʻole ka loiloi o ke kaʻina oncological i loko o ka māmā.

ʻO ka bronchoscopy me ka lawe ʻana i ka bronchoalveolar lavage kahi hana diagnostic i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi hāmeʻa wikiō kūikawā (endoscope) a me ka solution isotonic sodium chloride i loko o ka bronchi a me nā māmā. Hiki iā Bronchoscopy ke nānā i ke kūlana o ka ʻōnaehana hanu mai loko. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hopena i loko o ka bronchi a me nā māmā a laila lawe ʻia i waho. Ma hope iho, hoʻouna ʻia ka holoi no ka nānā ʻana i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana i unuhi ʻia a ʻike i ke kumu kumu o ka maʻi. Kōkua kēia kaʻina hana e hana i kahi hōʻailona pololei, a ʻo ka ʻike o ka pathogen hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i kahi lapaʻau.

He aha ka hana inā ʻaʻo ka ʻīlio?

Ma kēia ʻāpana, e haʻi aku wau iā ʻoe i nā kikoʻī pehea a pehea e mālama ai i kahi ʻīlio no ka ʻū.

Me kahi ʻano maloʻo a me kahi ʻano haʻahaʻa o ka ʻāʻī, ua lawa nā hoʻomākaukau antitussive i loaʻa ka butamirate - Sinekod i nā kulu, syrup a me nā papa Omnitus. Hoʻopaʻa kēia mea i ke kikowaena o ka maʻi ma ka lolo.

No ka bronchitis o kahi ʻano maʻi, hoʻohana ʻia nā inhalations o Seretide 125 + 25 mcg (pale i ka bronchospasm a he hopena anti-inflammatory) a i ʻole Flixotide 125 mcg (pale i ka bronchospasm). ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka inhalation i nā holoholona ka hoʻohana

ʻoiaiMea no ka inhalation - he mea hana kūikawā kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ka mea hana, pono e hoʻomake ka mea maʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka inhalation me nebulizerMea no ka inhalation.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau antibiotic inā loaʻa kahi maʻi bacterial. Ua kuhikuhi ʻia lākou, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, no 3-4 mau pule a hoʻopau wale ʻia ma lalo o ka nānā ʻana o ke kauka hele. Mai ka hoʻopau mua ʻana, hiki ke ulu i kahi microflora bacteria paʻa a ʻaʻole e hana hou nā lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia nā antibiotics i ka papa papa o ka amoxicillin series (Sinulox), ka doxycycline series (Unidox Solutab, Ronaxan, Doxifin) a i ʻole fluoroquinolones (Marfloxin) i hui pū ʻia me nā injections o cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin).

Ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau no nā ʻīlio, hoʻohana ʻia nā expectorants ma ke ʻano pulu - ACC syrup, Lazolvan.

I kekahi mau hihia, hoʻohana ʻia nā glucocorticosteroids systemic - Prednisolone, Dexamethasone. ʻO kēia nā lāʻau hormonal i loaʻa nā hopena anti-inflammatory ma muli o ke kāohi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale. Akā, ua contraindicated i ke alo o ka puʻuwai naʻau.

I nā hihia koʻikoʻi o ka tracheal collapse a i ʻole BCS, hōʻike ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo inā ʻaʻole e pau ka ʻū o ka puaʻa i loko o ʻelua a ʻekolu mau lā, he kumu kēia e ʻike ai i ke kauka holoholona.

Inā ʻaʻo ka ʻīlio

No ke aha e hiki ai i ka ʻīlio ke ʻū? Nui nā kumu, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau maʻi viral a i ʻole maʻi bacteria i lawe ʻia e nā droplet ea. Inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi ʻū i kāu ʻīlio, pono ʻoe e lawe koke iā ia i ke kauka holoholona. No ka pēpē, hiki i kēia ke ʻoi aku ka pōʻino ma mua o ka holoholona makua.

Eia kekahi, loaʻa i nā pēpē nā kīnā o ka puʻuwai congenital, e hāʻawi ana i nā pilikia i ka ʻōnaehana hanu a hoʻonāukiuki i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻū.

Ka pale ʻana i ka ʻū ma nā ʻīlio

No ka pale ʻana i ka ʻū i kāu pipi, pono ʻoe:

1. Hana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā maʻi viral nui;

2. E pale i ka hypothermia o ka ilio;

3. Mai puhi ma kahi kokoke i kāu pipi a pale i nā mea ʻala ikaika a me nā mea ʻala;

4. E hōʻalo i ka pili ʻana i ka wā e hele ana me nā holoholona ʻike ʻole - hiki iā ʻoe ke lilo i ka maʻi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo e mālama nā mea ʻē aʻe i kā lākou mau holoholona me ka hilinaʻi maikaʻi.

5. Congenital pathology - hāʻule o ka trachea a me BCS - ʻaʻole hiki ke pale ʻia.

Me nā hōʻailona o ka ʻuhū ʻana, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, pono ʻoe e lawe i ka holoholona i kahi manawa me kahi mea lapaʻau.

papa hōʻuluʻulu

Aia ma lalo kahi papa hōʻuluʻulu - ʻo ka ʻu i loko o kahi ʻīlio: nā kumu, nā hōʻailona, ​​​​ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

Nā pane i nā nīnau e nīnau pinepine ʻia

Sources:

1. Ivanov VP "Veterinary clinical radiology", 2014, 624 ʻaoʻao.