He aha ka puʻuwai o nā amphibian: kahi wehewehe kikoʻī a me nā ʻano

Aia nā Amphibians i ka papa o nā vertebrates ʻehā wāwae, ʻo ka nui o kēia papa e pili ana i ʻeono tausani ʻehiku haneli mau ʻano holoholona, ​​me nā rana, salamanders a me nā mea hou. Manaʻo ʻia kēia papa he kakaikahi. He iwakāluakūmāwalu mau ʻano ma Rūsia a ʻelua haneri a me kanahākumamāhiku mau ʻano ma Madagascar.

Aia nā Amphibians i nā vertebrates mua honua, noho lākou i kahi kūlana waena ma waena o ka wai a me ka terrestrial vertebrates, no ka mea, hānau a ulu ka hapa nui o nā ʻano i loko o ke kaiaola wai, a hoʻomaka ka poʻe i oʻo e noho ma ka ʻāina.

ʻAfonia kāne loaʻa nā māmā, ka mea a lakou e hanu ai, o ke kahe ana o ke koko he elua mau poai, a he ekolu keena ka puuwai. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke koko i loko o nā amphibians i venous a me arterial. Hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana o nā amphibians me ke kōkua o nā manamana lima lima, a he mau hui spherical ko lākou. ʻO ke kuamoʻo a me ka iwi poʻo i hoʻoneʻe ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia ka cartilage square palatine me ka autostyle, a lilo ka himandibular i ossicle auditory. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lohe ʻana i nā amphibians ma mua o ka iʻa: ma waho aʻe o ka pepeiao i loko, aia kekahi pepeiao waena. Ua hoʻololi nā maka e ʻike maikaʻi ma nā mamao like ʻole.

Ma ka ʻāina, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi piha ʻia nā amphibians e ola - hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ma nā kino āpau. ʻO ka mahana o nā amphibians e pili ana i ka haʻahaʻa a me ka mahana o ko lākou kaiapuni. He palena ko lākou hiki ke hoʻokele a neʻe i ka ʻāina.

Kaapuni a me ka ʻōnaehana holo

ʻAfonia kāne he puuwai ekolu keena, aia i loko o ka ventricle a me ka atria i ka nui o nā ʻāpana ʻelua. I ka caudate a me ka wāwae ʻole, ʻaʻole kaʻawale loa ka atria ʻākau a me ka hema. Loaʻa i ka Anurans kahi septum piha ma waena o ka atria, akā hoʻokahi puka maʻamau ka amphibians e hoʻopili ai i ka ventricle i nā atria ʻelua. Eia kekahi, i loko o ka puʻuwai o nā amphibians he venous sinus, kahi e loaʻa ai ke koko venous a kamaʻilio me ka atrium pono. Hoʻopili ka cone arterial i ka puʻuwai, ninini ʻia ke koko mai loko mai o ka ventricle.

Loaʻa ka conus arteriosus kiwi kōpili, ka mea e puunaue i ke koko i ekolu mau moku. ʻO ka helu helu puʻuwai ka ratio o ka puʻuwai puʻuwai i ka pākēneka o ke kaumaha o ke kino, pili ia i ka hana o ka holoholona. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mauʻu a me nā rana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a emi ka puʻuwai ma lalo o ka hapalua pakeneka. A ʻaneʻane hoʻokahi pākēneka ka pākēneka o ka toad ʻeleʻele.

I loko o nā larvae amphibian, hoʻokahi pōʻai o ke kahe o ke koko, ua like ko lākou ʻōnaehana hoʻolako koko me ka iʻa: hoʻokahi atrium i loko o ka puʻuwai a me ka ventricle, aia kahi cone arterial e lālā ana i 4 mau aʻaʻaʻa gill. Ua māhele ʻia nā ʻaʻaʻa mua ʻekolu i nā ʻaʻaʻa i loko o nā gills waho a me loko, a hui pū nā ʻaʻaʻa lālā i nā aʻaʻa lālā. ʻO ke aʻaʻa e lawe ana i ka ʻaʻa lālā mua e māhele ʻia i nā ʻaʻa carotid, kahi e hoʻolako ai i ke poʻo me ke koko.

aʻa gill

Hoʻohui i ka lua a me ke kolu nā ʻaʻaʻa lālā efferent me nā aʻa aortic akau a hema a loaʻa ko lākou pilina ma ka ʻaoʻao hope. ʻAʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lua hope o nā aʻaʻa lālā i nā capillaries, no ka mea, ma ka hā o ka ʻāʻī i loko o nā gills o loko a me waho, kahe ka aorta o ke kua i nā aʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā māmā me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ke kahe.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka atrium e kahi septum longitudinal i ka hema a me ka ʻākau, e hana ana i ka puʻuwai ʻekolu keʻena. Hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻupena o nā capillaries a huli i nā ʻaʻa carotid, a ʻo nā aʻa o ka ʻaoʻao hope mai ka lua o nā pālua, nā caudates e paʻa i ke kolu o nā pālua, aʻo ka ʻehā e lilo i ʻili-pulmonary arteries. Hoʻololi pū ʻia ka ʻōnaehana circulatory peripheral a loaʻa kahi ʻano waena ma waena o ka hoʻolālā terrestrial a me ka wai. Loaʻa ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i nā anuran amphibian.

He ʻekolu keʻena puʻuwai ko nā amphibians makua: hookahi ventricle a me atria i ka nui o na apana elua. ʻO ka sinus venous thin-walled e pili ana i ka atrium ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, a haʻalele ka cone arterial mai ka ventricle. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia he ʻelima mau ʻāpana o ka puʻuwai. Aia kekahi puka maʻamau, no laila e wehe ai nā atria ʻelua i loko o ka ventricle. Aia nō ma laila nā ʻūhā atrioventricular, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae i ke koko e komo hou i loko o ka atrium i ka wā e ʻaelike ai ka ventricle.

Aia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kekahi mau keʻena e kamaʻilio me kekahi ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka muscular o nā paia ventricular - ʻaʻole kēia e ʻae i ke koko e hui. Haʻalele ka cone arterial mai ka ventricle ʻākau, a aia ka cone spiral i loko. Mai kēia cone arterial arches e hoʻomaka e haʻalele i ka nui o ʻekolu mau pai, i ka mua he membrane maʻamau nā moku.

Nā ʻaʻaʻaʻaʻaʻa hema a ʻākau e neʻe mua i ka cone. A laila hoʻomaka nā aʻa o ka aorta e haʻalele. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻelua mau ʻaʻa lālā ʻelua: subclavian a me occipital-vertebral, hāʻawi lākou i ke koko i nā forelimbs a me nā ʻiʻo o ke kino, a hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka aorta dorsal ma lalo o ke kolamu spinal. Hoʻokaʻawale ke aorta hope i ke aʻaʻa enteromesenteric ikaika (keia aʻaʻa e hoʻolako i ka paipu digestive me ke koko). No nā lālā ʻē aʻe, kahe ke koko ma ka ʻaoʻao hope a hiki i nā lālā hope a i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe.

ʻAʻaʻa Carotid

ʻO nā ʻaʻaʻa carotid ka mea hope loa e haʻalele i ka cone arterial a mahele i loko a me waho nā aʻa. ʻO ke koko venous mai nā lālā hope a me ka ʻāpana o ke kino aia ma hope e hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka sciatic a me nā vemoral veins, i hui pū ʻia i loko o nā veins renal portal a wāwahi i nā capillaries i loko o nā puʻupaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana renal portal. Haʻalele nā ​​aʻa mai ka ʻāʻī hema a me ka ʻākau a hoʻohui ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, e hele ana i ke ake ma ka paia o ka ʻōpū, no laila e wāwahi ʻia i nā capillaries.

I loko o ka vein portal o ke ake, e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke koko mai nā veins o nā ʻāpana āpau o ka ʻōpū a me nā ʻōpū, i loko o ke ake e wāwahi ʻia i nā capillaries. Aia ka hui ʻana o nā capillaries renal i loko o nā ʻaʻa, he efferent a kahe i loko o ka vena cava hope ʻole, a kahe pū nā aʻa mai ka ʻōpū o ke kino. Holo ka vena cava hope i loko o ke ake, akā, ʻaʻole i komo ke koko i loko o ke ake, kahe nā aʻa liʻiliʻi mai ke akepaʻa i loko, a ʻo ia hoʻi ke kahe i loko o ka venous sinus. ʻO nā amphibians caudate a pau a me kekahi mau anurans e mālama i nā veins hope hope, e kahe ana i loko o ka vena cava mua.

koko arterial, ka mea i oxidized i loko o ka ili, e ohi ia i loko o ka nui cutaneous vein, a me ka cutaneous vein, ma ka huli, lawe venous koko i loko o ka subclavian vein pololei mai ka brachial vein. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻaʻa subclavian me nā aʻa i loko a me waho i loko o ka vena cava mua hema, e hoʻokahe ana i loko o ka sinus venous. Hoʻomaka ke koko mai laila mai e kahe i loko o ka atrium ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau. I loko o ka puʻupuʻu, e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke koko mai ka māmā, a kahe nā aʻa i loko o ka atrium ma ka ʻaoʻao hema.

ʻO ke koko a me ka atria

I ka pulmonary ka hanu ʻana, hoʻomaka ke koko huikau e hōʻiliʻili i loko o ka atrium ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau: ʻo ia ke koko venous a me ke koko koko, hele mai ke koko venous mai nā keʻena āpau ma o ka vena cava, a hele mai ke koko arterial ma nā veins o ka ʻili. koko koko piha i ka atrium ma ka ʻaoʻao hema, mai ke akemāmā mai ke koko. I ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale like ʻia ai ka atria, komo ke koko i loko o ka ventricle, ʻaʻole ʻae ka ulu ʻana o nā paia o ka ʻōpū e hui pū ke koko: ʻoi aku ke koko venous ma ka ventricle ʻākau, a ʻoi ke koko arterial ma ka ventricle hema.

Haʻalele ka cone aʻa mai ka ventricle ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, no laila, i ka wā e ʻoki ai ka ventricle i loko o ka cone, komo mua ke koko venous, kahi e hoʻopiha ai i nā ʻaʻaʻa pulmonary ili. Inā hoʻomau ka paʻa ʻana o ka ventricle i loko o ka cone arterial, hoʻomaka ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi, hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana o ka valve spiral a wehe ʻia nā puka o nā āortic arches, i loko o ia mau mea e kahe ana ke koko huikau mai ke kikowaena o ka ventricle. Me ka ʻoki piha ʻana o ka ventricle, komo ke koko mai ka ʻaoʻao hema i loko o ka cone.

ʻAʻole hiki ke komo i loko o ke aorta arched a me ka pulmonary cutaneous arteries, no ka mea, ua loaʻa iā lākou ke koko, me ka ikaika ikaika e hoʻololi i ka valve spiral, e wehe ana i nā waha o nā ʻaʻa carotid, e kahe ke koko i laila, e hoʻouna ʻia. i ke poo. Inā hoʻopau ʻia ka hanu pulmonary no ka manawa lōʻihi, no ka laʻana, i ka wā hoʻoilo ma lalo o ka wai, e kahe hou ke koko venous i ke poʻo.

Hoʻokomo ka oxygen i ka lolo ma kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, no ka mea aia ka emi nui o ka hana o ka metabolism a hāʻule ka holoholona i kahi stupor. I loko o nā amphibians no ka caudate, he puka mau ma waena o nā atria ʻelua, a ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka puʻu spiral o ka cone arterial. No laila, komo ke koko i hui pū ʻia i loko o nā kīʻaha arterial ma mua o nā amphibian huelo ʻole.

ʻOiai ua loaʻa nā amphibians hele ke kahe o ke koko ma na poai elua, ma muli o ka hoʻokahi o ka ventricle, ʻaʻole ia e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻokaʻawale loa. ʻO ke ʻano o ia ʻōnaehana pili pono i nā ʻōpū hanu, he ʻano ʻelua ʻelua a pili i ke ʻano o ke ola a nā amphibians e alakaʻi ai. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai ke noho ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa.

iwi iwi ʻulaʻula

Hoʻomaka ka ʻiʻo iwi ʻulaʻula o nā iwi tubular i nā amphibians. ʻO ka nui o ke koko holoʻokoʻa a hiki i ʻehiku pākēneka o ka nui o ke kaumaha o kahi amphibian, a ʻokoʻa ka hemoglobin mai ʻelua a ʻumi pākēneka a i ʻole ʻelima grams no ka kilokani o ka nui, ʻokoʻa ka hiki o ka oxygen i loko o ke koko mai ka ʻelua a me ka hapa a i ka ʻumikumamākolu. pakeneka, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau helu i ka iʻa.

He nui ke koko ʻulaʻula ka Amphibians, aka, he kakaikahi o lakou: mai ka iwakalua a hiki i ka ehiku haneri me kanakolu tausani o ka milimeter cubic koko. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka helu koko o nā ʻōpala ma mua o ka helu o nā pākeke. I loko o nā amphibians, e like me ka iʻa, loli ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kō koko me nā kau. Hōʻike ia i nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa i nā iʻa, a ma nā amphibians, caudates mai ʻumi a kanaono pakeneka, ʻoiai ma nā anurans mai kanahā a kanawalu pakeneka.

I ka pau ʻana o ke kauwela, he piʻi ikaika ka nui o nā carbohydrates i loko o ke koko, no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka hoʻoilo, no ka mea, hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā carbohydrates i loko o nā ʻiʻo a me ke akepaʻa, a me ka pūnāwai, i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka wā hānau a komo nā carbohydrates i ke koko. Loaʻa i nā Amphibians kahi ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono hormonal o ka metabolism carbohydrate, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kūpono.

ʻEkolu kauoha o nā amphibians

ʻAfonia kāne ua maheleia i na mahele penei:

• Amphibian huelo ʻole. Aia i loko o kēia pūʻulu ma kahi o hoʻokahi tausani ʻewalu haneli mau ʻano i hoʻololi a neʻe i ka ʻāina, e lele ana ma luna o ko lākou mau lālā hope, he elongated. Aia i loko o kēia kauoha nā ʻōkoʻo, nā rana, nā ʻaka, a me nā mea like. Aia nā huelo ʻole ma nā ʻāina āpau, ʻo Antarctica wale nō. ʻO kēia mau mea: nā toads maoli, nā rana lāʻau, nā alelo poepoe, nā rana maoli, nā rhinoderms, nā whistler a me ka spadefoot.
• ʻO nā Amphibians caudate. ʻO lākou nā mea kahiko loa. Aia ma kahi o ʻelua haneli a me kanawalu mau ʻano o lākou a pau. No lākou nā ʻano hou a me nā salamanders, noho lākou ma ka ʻāpana ʻākau. Loaʻa kēia i ka ʻohana protea, nā salamanders lungless, nā salamanders maoli, a me nā salamanders.
• Amphibious wāwae ʻole. Aia ma kahi o kanalimakūmālima tausani mau ʻano, noho ka hapa nui o lākou ma lalo o ka honua. He kahiko loa kēia mau amphibians, ua ola lākou a hiki i ko mākou manawa ma muli o ka hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ke ola ʻana.

ʻO nā ʻano aʻa Amphibian penei:

1. Hāʻawi nā ʻaʻa Carotid i ke poʻo me ke koko koko.
2. ʻAiʻa ʻili-pulmonary - lawe i ke koko venous i ka ʻili a me nā akemāmā.
3. Lawe nā ʻāʻī aortic i ke koko i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻōpū i koe.

ʻO nā Amphibians nā mea ʻaihue, nā ʻōpala salivary, i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia, hoʻomaʻemaʻe kā lākou mea huna:

• 'ōlelo
• ai a me ka waha.

Ua kū mai nā Amphibians ma waena a i ʻole Devonian haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o ʻekolu haneli miliona makahiki i hala. ʻO ka iʻa ko lākou mau kūpuna, he mau māmā ko lākou a ua hui pū ʻia nā peʻa, kahi i ulu ai nā lālā manamana lima. Hoʻokō wale nā ​​iʻa lobe-find kahiko i kēia mau koi. He māmā ko lākou, a i loko o ka iwi o ka fins, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā mea like me nā ʻāpana o ka iwi iwi lima lima lima. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā amphibians i iho mai nā iʻa lobe-finned kahiko i hōʻike ʻia e ka like ikaika o nā iwi integumentary o ke poʻo, e like me nā poʻo o nā amphibians o ka wā Paleozoic.

Aia nā iwi ʻaoʻao lalo a me luna i nā lobe-finned a me nā amphibians. Eia naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa ka iʻa lungfish, nona nā māmā me nā amphibians. No laila, ua ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka locomotion a me ka hanu, ka mea i hāʻawi i ka manawa e hele ai i ka ʻāina i nā kūpuna o nā amphibians, ʻoiai lākou. he mau vertebrates wai wale nō.

ʻO ke kumu i lilo ai i kumu no ka puka ʻana mai o kēia mau hoʻololi ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke ʻano o nā waihona me ka wai maʻemaʻe, a ua noho kekahi mau ʻano iʻa lobe-finned i loko o lākou. ʻO kēia paha ka maloʻo ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa a i ʻole ka nele o ka oxygen. ʻO ke kumu koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i lilo i mea hoʻoholo i ka haki ʻana o nā kūpuna me ka waihona a me ko lākou paʻa ʻana i ka ʻāina, ʻo ia ka meaʻai hou i loaʻa iā lākou ma ko lākou wahi noho hou.

ʻO nā mea hanu i nā amphibians

Loaʻa i nā Amphibians o na okana hanu.

• ʻO nā māmā nā mea hanu.
• Gills. Aia lākou i loko o nā tadpoles a me nā mea noho ʻē aʻe o ka mea wai.
• ʻO nā kino o ka hanu hou ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka ʻili a me ka lining mucous o ka lua oropharyngeal.

I loko o nā amphibians, hōʻike ʻia nā māmā ma ke ʻano o nā ʻeke paʻa, hollow i loko. He mau paia ko lakou lahilahi ma ka mānoanoa, a o loko aia kekahi hale i hoʻomohala iki ʻia. Eia naʻe, he mau māmā liʻiliʻi ko nā amphibians. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā rana, ua ana ʻia ka ratio o ka ʻili o ka māmā i ka ʻili ma ka ratio o ʻelua a ʻekolu, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mammals, kahi o kēia ratio he kanalima, a i kekahi manawa hoʻokahi haneli ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka māmā.

Me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hanu i nā amphibians, hoololi i ka hanu hanu. Loaʻa i nā Amphibians kahi ʻano hanu hoʻoikaika mua. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ea i loko o ka lua waha, no kēia mea, hāmama nā puka ihu a iho ka lalo o ka lua waha. A laila ua pani ʻia nā puka ihu me nā kiwikā, a piʻi ka papahele o ka waha ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ka ea i loko o ka māmā.

Pehea ka ʻōnaehana nerve ma nā amphibians

I nā amphibians, ʻoi aku ke kaumaha o ka lolo ma mua o ka iʻa. Inā mākou e lawe i ka pakeneka o ka lolo kaumaha a me ka nuipaʻa, a laila, i ka iʻa hou i loaʻa ka cartilage, ka helu e 0,06-0,44%, ma ka iwi iʻa 0,02-0,94%, ma amphibians huelo 0,29. –0,36 %, i nā amphibian huelo ʻole 0,50–0,73%.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lolo mua o nā amphibians ma mua o ka iʻa; ua māhele ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻike o kahi helu nui o nā pūnaewele nerve.

ʻElima ʻāpana ka lolo:

1. ʻO ka forebrain nui, i māhele ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana a loaʻa nā lobes olfactory.
2. Ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka diencephalon.
3. ʻO ka cerebellum lalo. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka neʻe ʻana o nā amphibians he monotonous a paʻakikī ʻole.
4. ʻO ke kikowaena o ke kaʻa kaʻa, digestive a me nā ʻōnaehana hanu ʻo ka medulla oblongata.
5. Hoʻomalu ʻia ka ʻike a me ke kani o ka ʻiʻo iwi e ka midbrain.

ʻO ke ola o nā amphibians

ʻO ke ʻano o ke ola a nā amphibians e alakaʻi ai e pili pono ana i ko lākou physiology a me ke ʻano. ʻAʻole kūpono ke ʻano o nā ʻōpū hanu - pili kēia i ka māmā, ma muli o kēia, waiho ʻia kahi paʻi ma nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopau mau ka wai mai ka ʻili, ʻo ia ka mea e hilinaʻi ai nā amphibians i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai ma ke kaiapuni. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka mahana o ke kaiapuni kahi e noho ai nā amphibians, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe o lākou pumehana koko.

He ʻokoʻa ka nohona o nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia papa, no laila he ʻokoʻa ka ʻano. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻokoʻa a me ka nui o nā amphibians i nā ʻāina ākea, kahi kiʻekiʻe ka haʻahaʻa a kokoke i nā manawa a pau ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ea.

ʻO ka pili kokoke i ka pou, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano amphibian. He kakaikahi loa na amphibian ma na wahi maloo a anu o ka honua. ʻAʻohe amphibians kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai nā waihona, ʻoiai he mau manawa pōkole, no ka mea hiki ke ulu pinepine nā hua i ka wai. ʻAʻohe amphibians i loko o nā kino wai paʻakai, ʻaʻole mālama ko lākou ʻili i ka osmotic pressure a me ka hypertonic environment.

ʻAʻole ulu nā hua i loko o nā waihona wai paʻakai. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Amphibians i nā pūʻulu aʻe e like me ke ano o ka noho ana:

• wai
• honua.

Hiki i ka Terrestrial ke hele mamao mai nā kino wai, inā ʻaʻole kēia ka wā hānau. Akā ʻo ka aquatic, ma kahi ʻē, e hoʻopau i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa i ka wai, a i ʻole kokoke loa i ka wai. I nā caudates, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano wai, hiki iā lākou kekahi mau ʻano anurans, ma Rūsia, no ka laʻana, he loko a i ʻole nā ​​loko loko.

ʻO nā amphibian arboreal laha ʻia ma waena o ka honua, no ka laʻana, nā rana copepod a me nā rana lāʻau. ʻO kekahi mau amphibians terrestrial e alakaʻi i kahi ʻano ola ʻana, no ka laʻana, huelo ʻole kekahi, a ʻaneʻane he wāwae ʻole. I ka poʻe noho ʻāina, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā māmā, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili i ka hana hanu. Ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻole lākou i hilinaʻi i ka haʻahaʻa o ke kaiapuni a lākou e noho ai.

Hana nā Amphibians i nā hana pono e loli ana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, pili ia i kā lākou helu. He ʻokoʻa ia ma kekahi mau pae, i kekahi manawa a ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano o ka wā. ʻO nā Amphibians, ʻoi aku ma mua o nā manu, e luku i nā iniseti i ʻono maikaʻi ʻole a me ka ʻala, a me nā iniseti me kahi kala pale. I ka manawa kokoke i nā manu insectivorous e hiamoe, ʻimi nā amphibians.

Ua noʻonoʻo lōʻihi ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka pōmaikaʻi nui o nā amphibians ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopau i nā pepeke ma nā māla mea kanu a me nā māla lāʻau. ʻO nā māla ma Holland, Hungary a me ʻEnelani i lawe kūikawā mai i nā toads mai nā ʻāina like ʻole, hoʻokuʻu iā lākou i loko o nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā māla. I ka waena o kanakolu, ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli a me kanalima mau ʻano aga toads i lawe ʻia aku i waho mai nā ʻAnelani a me ka pae ʻāina ʻo Hawaiʻi. Ua hoʻomaka lākou e māhuahua a ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau toad i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka mahi kō, ʻoi aku ka hopena ma mua o nā manaʻo āpau.

ʻO ka ʻike a me ka lohe ʻana o nā amphibians

Mālama nā maka Amphibian i ka pipili a me ka maloʻo hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā lihilihi lalo a me luna, a me ka membrane nictitating. Ua lilo ke kino i convex a me ka lenticular. ʻO ke kumu, ʻike nā amphibians i nā mea e neʻe.

ʻO nā ʻāpana hoʻolohe, ʻike ʻia ka ossicle auditory a me ka pepeiao waena. ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona ma muli o ka mea pono e ʻike maikaʻi i nā haʻalulu kani, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ea ma mua o ka wai.