Ka iwi iwi a me ke anatomy o ka iole, ka hale o loko a me ka hoonohonoho o na kino

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona physiological o nā rodents ka mea maʻamau o nā zoologists a me nā mea lapaʻau. Eia nō naʻe, he mea pono i nā mea nona ka ʻike i ke ʻano o ke anatomy o ka ʻiole. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai iāʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ka pilina ma waena o ka mālama, ka meaʻai a me nā maʻi hiki. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻike maopopo i ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka pipi e hōʻoia i ka pane wikiwiki i nā hōʻailona o ka ʻeha a me ka ʻeha.

ʻO ke ʻano o waho o ka ʻiole

I ka wā o ka hoʻokolokolo mua o waho, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka lauoho ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa. He hōʻailona kēia o kēia papa o nā mammals. ʻO nā hana nui o ka hulu hipa:

• hoʻokaʻawale wela;
• komo i loko o ka pili;
• pale i ka ʻili mai ka pōʻino.

Aia ke kino o ka holoholona me:

• poʻo;
• ʻāʻī;
• kino kino;
• ka huelo

Nui ke poʻo o ka holoholona i ke kino. Kuhi ʻia ka waha, pili ka ʻaoʻao hope i kahi ʻāʻī pōkole. ʻO ka iwi poʻo o ka ʻiole he 3 ʻāpana:

• parietal;
• kino;
• occipital.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻōpala i:

• nā maka maka;
• ihu;
• ka waha.

Ma ka hope o ka waha he vibrissae - bristles i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻopā ʻana. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻiole e ke alo o kahi membrane nictitating a me kahi ʻulaʻula o nā maka.

Hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe loea i ke kino o kahi rodent i 3 mau ʻāpana:

• hope-thoracic;
• lumbar-abdominal;
• sacro-gluteal.

ʻElima manamana lima o nā lālā o nā holoholona. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wāwae ma mua o nā lima. Hōʻike ʻia nā kapuaʻi a me nā lima i ka nele o ka lauoho lauoho.

He mānoanoa ka huelo o nā rodents, he 85% o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. ʻOi aku ka huelo o ka wahine. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻili me nā apo scaly a me ka momona melemele. Ma kahi o ka hulu hipa, aia nā bristles.

Hōʻike ʻia nā holoholona wahine e 6 mau nipples, ʻelua o ia mau mea ma ka ʻāʻī, hoʻokahi ma ka umauma a ʻekolu ma ka ʻōpū. Ma waho o ka wā hāpai, hūnā ʻia lākou e ka lauoho mānoanoa. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke kāne o ka ʻiole ma ka nānā ʻana i ke kua: i ka wahine, he ʻano triangle ka huelo, a ʻokoʻa nā kāne i ke ʻano o ka cylinder.

Hiki i nā kāne makua kāne ke hiki i ke kaumaha o 400 g. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine.

iwi iole

He iwi iwi a me cartilaginous ka iwi iwi o ka holoholona, ​​a he 264 iwi ​​o na ano a me na nui like ole. He ʻano elongated ka cranium. Aia kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka spine:

• cervical;
• ʻōpū;
• sacral.

Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana vertebral i ka iwi ʻiole ma mua o 2 kakini disc.

ʻOiai ka ʻokoʻa loa o ka iwi o ka rodent ma mua o ka ʻōnaehana iwi kanaka, nui nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka wā e hoʻolōʻihi ai i ka iwi kuamoʻo, e loaʻa kahi kope hoʻemi o ke kanaka, a hiki i ke ʻano o ka wahi o kēlā me kēia iwi.

Kahi o nā ʻōpū o loko

Hoʻomaopopo pū ka atlas anatomical e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o nā ʻano o loko o ka rodent.

Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia kēia ʻike inā hana ʻia kahi autopsy o ka ʻiole. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaʻina hana, wehe mua ka diaphragm, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā ʻāpana o ka thoracic a me ka ʻōpū.

Aia ma lalo pono o ka diaphragm ka ate ʻiole. He ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula kona waihoʻoluʻu a uhi hapa i ka ʻōpū me ke ʻano o ka pea.

Ma lalo iho, wehe ka volumetric mass o ka ʻōpū ʻōpū. Ua uhi ʻia me ka omentum - he ʻano no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka momona holoholona.

ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano rodents ka nele o kahi gallbladder. Hāʻawi ʻia ka bile ma o ke kahawai mai ke ake a i ka duodenum.

Akā, he elongated spleen ko nā rodents, aia ma ka hema o ka ʻōpū. Inā hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka ʻōpū mai ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, a laila ʻike ʻia nā puʻupaʻa ʻano pīni ma lalo. Aia lākou asymmetrically - ua hohonu ka hema ma lalo o ke kaomi o ka ʻōpū. Ke alakaʻi nei nā ureters i ka ʻōpū ma ka ʻōpū o lalo. Aia ma laila nā ʻiole o nā kāne a me nā ʻano hoʻohua paʻakikī o nā ʻiole wahine.

Hōʻike maopopo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana vascular e ka vena cava inferior no ke kahe ʻana o ke koko i loko o ka puʻuwai mai nā ʻāpana o ka peritoneum. Loaʻa iā ia ka aorta, kahi mea e pono ai no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke koko piha i nā lālā hope.

I ka nānā ʻana i ka lua o ka umauma, ʻike koke ʻia nā māmā ʻulaʻula a me ka puʻuwai me nā moku nui. Kau wale nā ​​māmā ma ka ʻōpū, ʻaʻole pili i ka umauma. ʻOi aku ka hohonu o ka esophagus, kahi e hoʻopili ai i ka pharynx me ka ʻōpū.

I ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o loko o ka ʻiole, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i ke kino e like me ka lolo. E like me ka nui o nā mammals, loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau keʻena kuleana no nā hana noʻonoʻo. Hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe akamai i ka lolo ʻiole i 4 mau ʻāpana, he ʻano paʻakikī kēlā me kēia.

ʻO nā mea hoihoi mai ka physiology

ʻO nā kānaka lapaʻau a me nā mea olaola, e aʻo ana i ka anatomical and physiological structure o ka ʻiole, ua ʻike i kekahi mau mea hoihoi:

• ua wehewehe ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua he nui e pili ana i nā rodents e ka like o ka physiology o nā ʻiole a me nā kānaka;
• nele nā ​​holoholona i nā tonsils a me nā manamana lima;
• He ʻiʻo ko nā kāne no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mammary glands, akā ʻaʻohe nipples i ko lākou wā kamaliʻi;
• He penis vestigial ka wahine i hiki ke hoohana ia no ka mimi;
• i ka ʻiole, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka māmā ʻākau a me ka hema. Ma ka mua he 4 mau mahele, a ma ka lua - hoʻokahi wale nō;
• loaʻa i nā rodents ka appendix, i kekahi manawa huikau me ka maʻi ʻōpū o loko;
• ʻaʻole like me nā kānaka a me nā pōpoki, ʻaʻole pilikia nā ʻiole albino i nā pilikia lohe;
• ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke kani ultrasonic e hōʻoluʻolu i nā rodents, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomanawanui;
• ʻAʻohe lehelehe o nā rodents a puni ko lākou waha. Akā, hana ʻia kahi āwaha peʻe ma luna o ka iwi ā lalo;
• Hoʻohana ke kāne i 2 kekona ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana, no laila ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā kāne heterosexual i loko o ka hale hoʻokahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā keiki.

Mea nui! He kiʻekiʻe loa ka paepae ʻeha o nā rodents, hāʻawi ka holoholona i kahi hōʻailona e pili ana i ke alo o ka ʻeha wale nō me nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi loa. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻana o nā pathologies koʻikoʻi, no laila ʻaʻole pono nā mea nona nā holoholona e haʻalele i ka nānā ʻana i kā lākou mau holoholona.