Pehea a me ka hanu ʻana o nā honu ma lalo o ka wai a ma ka ʻāina, nā ʻōpū hanu o ke kai a me nā honu ʻāina

Manaʻo nui ʻia ka hanu ʻana o nā honu ʻulaʻula a me nā honu ʻē aʻe ma lalo o ka wai e like me ka iʻa - me nā gills. He kuhi hewa kēia - he ʻano kolo nā ʻano honu a pau a hanu ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai ma ke ʻano like - me ke kōkua o nā akemāmā. Akā ʻo ke ʻano kūikawā o nā ʻōpū hanu o kēia mau holoholona e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻohana i ka oxygen i ʻoi aku ka waiwai, no laila hiki iā lākou ke mālama i ka ea a noho i lalo o ka wai no ka manawa lōʻihi.

Mea hana hanu

I loko o nā mammals, me nā kānaka, i ka hanu ʻana, hoʻonui ka diaphragm a lawe ʻia ka ea e ka māmā - hana ʻia kēia e nā iwi ʻaoʻao. I loko o nā honu, ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā ʻōpū o loko a pau i ka pūpū, a ʻaʻole e neʻe ka wahi o ka umauma, no laila, ʻokoʻa loa ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i ka ea. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hanu o kēia mau holoholona i loko o kēia mau ʻāpana:

• puka ihu waho - lawe ʻia ka inhalation ma o lākou;
• nā puka ihu o loko (ua kapa ʻia ʻo choanas) - aia ma ka lewa a pili i ka laryngeal fissure;
• dilator - he ʻiʻo e wehe ana i ka larynx i ka wā e hanu ai a hoʻopuka ʻia;
• pōkole trachea - aia nā apo cartilaginous, alakaʻi i ka ea i ka bronchi;
• bronchi - lālā ʻelua, e alakaʻi ana i ka oxygen i nā māmā;
• ʻiʻo māmā - aia ma nā ʻaoʻao, e noho ana ma luna o ke kino.

Hāpai ʻia ka hanu honu ma muli o ʻelua pūʻulu ʻiʻo i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻAʻohe diaphragm i nā mea kolo e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā kino o loko mai ka māmā; i ka wā e hanu ai, hoʻokuke wale nā ​​ʻiʻo i nā ʻiʻo, e ʻae ana i ka ʻiʻo o ka māmā spongy e hoʻopiha i nā wahi āpau. I ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, hiki mai ka neʻe ʻana a me ke kaomi ʻana o nā ʻōpū o loko e ʻoki ai ka māmā a hoʻolei aku i ka ea.

ʻO ka manawa pinepine, komo pū nā wāwae a me ke poʻo i ke kaʻina hana - ma ke kiʻi ʻana iā lākou i loko, hoʻemi ka holoholona i kahi ākea o loko a hoʻokuke i ka ea mai loko mai o ka māmā. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi diaphragm e hoʻopau i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke kaomi hope i loko o ka umauma, no laila ʻaʻole hoʻopau ka hana ʻino i ka māmā i ka hana hanu. Mahalo i kēia, hiki i nā honu ke ola i ka wā e haki ai ka pūpū.

Hoʻokomo mau ʻia ka ea ma nā puka ihu. Inā hāmama ka waha o ka honu a hoʻāʻo e hanu ma kona waha, he hōʻailona kēia o ka maʻi.

honi

Mahalo i ke ʻano paʻakikī o ka ʻōnaehana hanu, ʻaʻole hanu wale nā ​​honu, akā loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka honua a puni lākou ma o ko lākou ʻono. ʻO nā ʻala ke kumu nui o ka ʻike no kēia mau holoholona - pono lākou no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma ia wahi, a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā ʻohana. Aia nā mea hoʻokipa olfactory i loko o nā puka ihu a me ka waha o ka holoholona, ​​no laila, i mea e lawe ai i ka ea, hoʻopaʻa ikaika ka honu i nā ʻiʻo o ka papahele o ka waha. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka exhalation ma nā puka ihu, i kekahi manawa me ka leo ʻoi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pinepine i ke ʻano o ka ʻuā ʻana o ka holoholona - he ʻāpana hoʻi kēia o ke kaʻina honi.

ʻO ka mea hana o ka ʻōnaehana hanu, a me ka nele o nā ʻiʻo o ka diaphragm, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻū. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i ka holoholona ke wehe kūʻokoʻa i nā mea ʻē aʻe i komo i ka bronchi, a make pinepine i nā kaʻina pulmonary inflammatory.

Ehia honu hiki ole ke hanu

I ka ʻauʻau ʻana ma kahi kokoke i ka ʻili o ka wai, piʻi mau nā honu i luna e lawe i ka ea. ʻO ka helu o ka hanu i kēlā me kēia minuke e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka holoholona, ​​​​ka makahiki a me ka nui o kona pūpū. Hoʻomaha ka nui o nā ʻano i kēlā me kēia minuke - piʻi nā ʻano kai i ka ʻili i kēlā me kēia 20 mau minuke. Akā hiki i nā ʻano honu āpau ke hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou hanu a hiki i kekahi mau hola.

Hiki kēia ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻiʻo māmā. I loko o ka honu pepeiao ʻulaʻula, noho ka māmā i 14% o ke kino. No laila, i ka hanu hoʻokahi, hiki i ka holoholona ke loaʻa ka oxygen no kekahi mau hola ma lalo o ka wai. Inā ʻaʻole ʻauʻau ka honu, akā moe ʻole ma ka lalo, ʻoi aku ka lohi o ka ʻai ʻana o ka oxygen, hiki ke lōʻihi ma kahi o hoʻokahi lā.

ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano wai, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā honu ʻāina i ke kaʻina hanu, e lawe ana i 5-6 hanu i kēlā me kēia minuke.

Nā ʻano hanu ʻokoʻa

Ma waho aʻe o ka hanu maʻamau ma nā puka ihu, hiki i ka hapa nui o nā ʻelele o nā ʻano wai hou ke loaʻa ka oxygen ma kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe i ka hanu ʻana o nā kuhukukū wai ma ko lākou ʻāʻī - he ʻano kūʻokoʻa maoli nō ia, a ua kapa ʻia kēia mau holoholona he "bimodally breathing". Hiki i nā pūnaewele kūikawā i loko o ka pu'u o ka holoholona a me ka cloaca ke komo pololei i ka oxygen mai ka wai. ʻO ka inhalation a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka wai mai ka cloaca e hana i kahi kaʻina e hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo "ka hanu pio" - hana kekahi mau ʻano i nā kakini like ʻole i kēlā me kēia minuke. ʻAe kēia i nā mea kolo e luʻu hohonu me ka piʻi ʻole o ka ʻili a hiki i 10-12 mau hola.

ʻO ka ʻelele kaulana loa e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻōnaehana hanu pālua ʻo Fitzroy tortoise, e noho ana ma ka muliwai o ka inoa like ma Australia. Hanu maoli kēia honu ma lalo o ka wai, mahalo i nā ʻiʻo kūikawā i loko o nā ʻeke cloacal i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā moku he nui. Hāʻawi kēia iā ia i ka manawa e lana ʻole ai i ka ʻili a hiki i kekahi mau lā. ʻO ka hemahema o kēia ʻano o ka hanu ʻana, ʻo ia nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka maʻemaʻe o ka wai - ʻaʻole hiki i ka holoholona ke loaʻa ka oxygen mai kahi wai ʻeleʻele i haumia me nā ʻano haumia.

Ka hana o ka hanu anaerobic

Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ka hanu, hāʻule mālie ka honu, hoʻomau nā kaʻina hana o ka lawe ʻana o ka oxygen mai ka māmā i loko o ke koko no nā minuke 10-20 e hiki mai ana. Hoʻoulu ʻia ka carbon dioxide me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana, me ka ʻole o ka make koke, e like me nā mammals. I ka manawa like, hoʻāla ʻia ka hanu anaerobic, a ma ka pae hope o ka absorption e hoʻololi i ka hoʻololi kinoea ma o ka ʻiʻo māmā.

I ka wā hoʻomaha anaerobic, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻiʻo ma ke kua o ka ʻāʻī, i loko o ka cloaca - ʻo ka waiho ʻana i kēia mau pad e like me nā gills. He mau kekona wale no ka holoholona e wehe i ke kalapona kalapona a lawe hou i ka ea i kona pii ana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai ma mua o ka hāpai ʻana i ko lākou poʻo ma luna o ka ʻili a lawe i ka ea ma ko lākou mau puka ihu.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nā manu kuhukukū - ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ko lākou ʻōpū hanu i loko o ka cloaca a i ʻole larynx, no laila, no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen, pono lākou e lana i ka ʻili a hanu i ka ea ma nā puka ihu.

Ka hanu ʻana i ka wā hiamoe

Hoʻopau kekahi mau ʻano honu i ko lākou moe hoʻomaha holoʻokoʻa ma lalo o ka wai, i kekahi manawa i loko o kahi loko i uhi piha ʻia me kahi papa hau. Hana ʻia ka hanu i loko o kēia manawa anaerobic ma o ka ʻili, nā ʻeke cesspool a me nā puka kūikawā ma ka larynx. ʻO nā kaʻina hana a pau o ke kino i ka wā hibernation e hoʻolohi a paʻa paha, no laila pono ka oxygen e hāʻawi wale i ka naʻau a me ka lolo.