"ʻO ka lio ma ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni he hopena kūikawā mau"

Pehea ʻo Sally Gardner i holo ai "ma ka pahu paʻi kiʻi" i ka holomua mai ke kiʻi a hiki i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni? No ke aha ʻo Spielberg he kanaka kanaka a ʻaʻole ʻo Tarkovsky? He aha ka like o Gandalf me Odin, a me nā lio me nā ʻīlio hae? Ua kamaʻilio mākou me Anton Dolin e pili ana i ka hana a ka lio ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni

I ka makahiki 1878, ua hana ka mea paʻi kiʻi ʻAmelika ʻo Edward Muybridge, i kauoha ʻia e ka mea hānai lio ʻo Leland Stanford, i nā papa kuhikuhi kāleka "Horse in Motion" (Horse in Motion). Aia i kēlā me kēia papa kuhikuhi kāleka he ʻeono a ʻumikūmālua mau kiʻi chronological e hōʻike ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lio. Ua kaulana ka moʻolelo ʻo "Sally Gardner at a gallop". Ua paʻi ʻia nā kiʻi ma Scientific American ma ʻOkakopa 19, 1878.

Wahi a kekahi manaʻo maʻamau, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Stanford me kāna mau hoaaloha i ka wā o ka holo ʻana aia kekahi mau manawa ke pā ʻole ka lio i ka lepo me kekahi o nā māiuu. Ua ʻike ʻia ma nā kiʻi ʻaʻole pili nā wāwae ʻehā i ka honua i ka manawa like, ʻoiai ke hana wale nei kēia i ka wā e "ohi ʻia" nā lālā ma lalo o ke kino, ʻaʻole i "hohola" i hope a i waho, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā kiʻi pena.

I loko o ke kaiāulu honua o nā mea pena holoholona, ​​ua hana kēia hopena i kahi kani nui.

ʻO ka hopena o ka hana a Muybridge i hiki ai ke hana i kahi hana nui i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka biomechanics o nā neʻe lio, a he mea nui hoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

ʻO Anton Dolin he mea hoʻohewa kiʻiʻoniʻoni, luna hoʻoponopono o ka makasina Art of Cinema, mea kākau no Meduza, mea kākau o nā puke e pili ana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

ʻO ka hoʻokolohua o Edward Muybridge, nāna i paʻi kiʻi i ka lio ma ka holo ʻana, ua hana nui i ka pena a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā biomechanics o nā neʻe lio. A he aha ka mea nui i loaʻa iā ia i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni? Hiki paha ke kapa i ka mea i hana mua ma ka mōʻaukala o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni?

Kapa wau iā ia "protokino" a i ʻole "prakino". Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke helu ʻia ka mōʻaukala o ka puka ʻana o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni mai nā kiʻi pōhaku, mai ka Platonic Myth of the Cave, mai ka moʻomeheu o nā kiʻi Byzantine (ke ola o ka poʻe haipule - no ke aha ʻaʻole kahi moʻolelo?). ʻO kēia nā hoʻāʻo e hōʻike i ka neʻe a me ka leo, kahi hoʻāʻo e kope i ke ola me ka ʻole e hōʻemi ʻia i kahi hōʻike schematic. Ua maopopo ua hiki mai ke kiʻi i kahi kokoke loa i kēia, a hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā daguerreotypes mua, ʻo ia ka manawa o ka mea i hana ʻia o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni - ua "hoʻohāpai ʻia", a ua hoʻomaka kēia "embryo" e ulu. ʻO ka manawa hānau, e like me kā mākou e ʻike nei, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia e nā mea kākau moʻolelo like ʻole. Aia ka ʻike o Muybridge ma waena o ke kiʻi a me ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ma kahi i lawe ʻia ai nā kiʻi he nui e hōʻike i ka neʻe ʻana, ʻike mākou i ke ʻano o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā kiʻi.

No ka hōʻike ʻana i kēlā neʻe like, pono ke kiʻi hoʻomaopopo. No ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻo ia ke kaʻaahi, ma hope iki ke kaʻa e like me ke ʻano o ka holomua ʻenehana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka noho pū ʻana o ka lio me ke kanaka, akā like nō kāna hana - e wikiwiki i ka neʻe. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea pōʻino ua lilo ʻo ia i hōʻailona o kēia hana.

Circus a me Wild West

ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā Westerns me kā lākou mau canons ʻike ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā lio. E haʻi mai iā mākou pehea i hānau ʻia ai kēia ʻano.

Ua kūkulu ʻia ka moʻolelo mele holoʻokoʻa o ka Wild West ma luna o ka holo lio, alualu a me ka hoʻomāinoino. I ka pau ʻana o ka ʻāhiu ʻana o ke komohana, ua lilo nā kuʻuna holo pipi i mau hōʻikeʻike (no ka laʻana, ʻo nā rodeos, he ʻano leʻaleʻa lehulehu). Ua nalowale ke koʻikoʻi o ka lio i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻāina, akā ua mau ka ʻike maka o nā kuʻuna equestrian kūloko, a ua neʻe pū i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Mai poina, ʻo ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni wale nō ke ʻano hana kiʻi i hānau ʻia ma ka hale kūʻai. ʻAʻole like me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe he kumu hoʻomana.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he mākaʻikaʻi i manaʻo maikaʻi ʻia e Georges Méliès, kahi mea hoʻokani circus i lilo i alakaʻi a mea hoʻokumu i nā hopena kūikawā mua. He mea koʻikoʻi ka manaʻo o ka huki no kēia kiʻi.

He manaʻo hoihoi: ʻo ka lio kekahi ʻāpana o ka circus, a ʻo ka circus ka mea mua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. No laila, kūpono nā lio i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

Me ke kanalua ole. E lawe i kekahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni circus, mai Tod Browning's Freaks a i ʻole Charlie Chaplin's Circus iā Wim Wenders 'Sky Over Berlin a i ʻole Tim Burton's Dumbo, kokoke mau nā lio ma laila. ʻO ka lio e holo ana i ka pōʻai he mea nui ia o ka lewa circus, kēia hana mana i hana ʻia e ke kanaka. Me kēia huaʻōlelo, hiki iā mākou ke wehewehe i ka circus wale nō, akā i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

I ka nui o nā lio i loko o ke kiʻi, a i ka wā e paʻi ʻia ai ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ua lilo ia i ʻano hopena kūikawā?

ʻO nā lio i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni he hopena kūikawā mau, ʻaʻole wale i ka wā he nui. ʻAʻole paha i hōʻike ʻia i kēia ala i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia, i ka makahiki 1920 a me 1930, akā i ka wā ma hope o ke kaua, no ka mea noho kūlanakauhale maʻamau, ua lilo ka lio a me ka mea holo i kahi hopena kūikawā. ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ma hope o nā mea a pau, he hana kiʻi kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka holo ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kaua melee he akamai ʻole. Ke neʻe nei lākou mai nā mākau i koi ʻia no ka poʻe keaka, e like me ka wā ma mua, a lilo i exotic.

ʻO kekahi paha o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻoi loa e pili ana i nā lio i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻo ia ke kahua heihei kaʻa nui i ka makahiki 1959 Ben Hur ...

ʻAe, maikaʻi kēia! Mai poina - ʻaʻohe mea i ke kenekulia XNUMX i ʻike i kahi heihei kaʻa maoli e ola. Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu e pili ana iā ia, e ʻike iā ia ma nā frescoes kahiko a me nā bas-reliefs, akā ʻaʻole kēia e hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo o uXNUMXbuXNUMXb ke ʻano o kēia mau hoʻokūkū. A ma "Ben-Hur" ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike holoʻokoʻa i ka neʻe. A eia hou - kahi hoʻohiwahiwa i ʻike ʻole ʻia. I kēlā mau makahiki, ua hoʻohana mua ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni i nā hopena, akā a hiki i ka hiki ʻana mai o SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc - he hui ʻAmelika e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kiʻi kamepiula e hoʻohana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni - ed.), ʻike i kekahi mea ma ka pale. , ua manaʻo ka poʻe anaina e hana maoli ana kēia. Ma ke ano o kona hopena i ke kanaka, ua like ia me ka circus like.

He wahi iki e pili ana i ke kanaka

Ma Ben-Hur, ua ulana ʻia nā lio i loko o ka hana keaka. ʻAʻole lākou he hiʻohiʻona moʻolelo wale nō - he kuleana ko nā lio.

He aha ka hopena nui o ka lio? No ka mea, he mea ola ia. Eia kekahi, pili ikaika ia me ke kanaka. He ʻano a he ʻano ka lio, aia kona hopena ponoʻī. Inā make ka lio, uē mākou. Aia paha ʻelua mau mea ola ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kanaka - he ʻīlio a me ka lio. ʻO Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, kekahi o nā mea kākau koʻikoʻi nāna i hoʻokumu i ka ethics o ke kenekulia XNUMX, i hana i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi, kākau ʻo ia iā Kholstomer, kahi i hoʻololi ʻia ai ka manaʻo kanaka mai ke kanaka a i ka holoholona. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ʻo ka lio he mea nani wale no ka neʻe ʻana i ka lewa, ʻo ia hoʻi kou hoaaloha a me kou hoa, hoa, kahi hōʻike o kāu "I". Ma ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Two Comrades Were Serving", ua maopopo no ka hero Vysotsky ka lio he pālua, he alter ego. ʻAʻole wale he hoaaloha, akā he kanaka pōʻino. No laila, i ka ʻike ʻana i ka holo ʻana o ka lio ma hope o ka moku, e hoʻopaʻi ana iā ia iho i ka make, pana ʻo ia iā ia iho. ʻO kēia, ma ka laulā, kahi hiʻohiʻona mai kekahi moʻolelo gothic, kahi e pana ai ka hero i kāna pālua, a hāʻule ʻo ia iho i make.

Ma ka manaʻo o ke kanaka i ka holoholona, ​​​​hiki i kekahi ke hoʻoholo i kona ʻano ...

ʻae nō hoʻi! Ke nānā nei mākou i ke Komohana a ʻaʻole maopopo i ka mea maikaʻi a ʻo wai ka hewa, aia kahi lula e hana mau ana: e nānā i ka ʻīlio hele hewa i loko o ke kiʻi. Pehea e hana ai ka meʻe iā ia? Inā kuʻi ʻo ia, he mea ʻino ʻo ia, inā hahau ʻo ia, maikaʻi.

Ua pilikia paha nā lio i mōhai ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ke kaʻina hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe: ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana a me nā ʻeha i nā kiʻi kaua. ʻIke ʻia, i kekahi manawa, ua hoihoi ka lehulehu i nā mea i koe ma hope o nā hiʻohiʻona, hoʻomaka e hana i nā koi kūʻē i ka ʻoihana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a ʻike ʻia ka huaʻōlelo kaulana i nā hōʻaiʻē "ʻAʻohe holoholona i hōʻeha ʻia i ka wā kiʻiʻoniʻoni."

ʻAe, pololei kēlā, ʻo kēia ka hoʻomohala kūlohelohe o ke kaiāulu. Malia paha i loko o 20-30 mau makahiki, ʻo nā pūʻali politika koʻikoʻi loa i ka honua ka poʻe e mālama i nā pono holoholona. ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu, e like me nā kiʻi ʻē aʻe. Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i ka hana ʻino i loko o ke kiʻi, ua hele koke ʻo Tarkovsky a me kāna kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Andrei Rublev".

Ma kahi o ka hanana me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka Horde, ua hoʻokele ʻia ka lio ma luna o kahi alapiʻi lāʻau, a hāʻule i kona kua mai ke kiʻekiʻe o 2-3 mika ...

ʻO Tarkovsky he mea pena kiʻi a he akeakamai, akā, ʻaʻole ia he kanaka kanaka. ʻIke loa, ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia i hoʻokaʻawale i ka pilina me ka moʻomeheu kanaka o ka palapala Lūkini. He aloha ʻole ʻo ia i nā holoholona wale nō, akā i nā kānaka pū kekahi. ʻAʻole naʻe kēia hana ʻino i mea maʻamau o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni e like me ia, aia ma luna o kona lunamanaʻo ponoʻī.

CinemaCentaurs

He aha ka mea e hōʻike ai ka mea hoʻoholo lio?

Loaʻa i ke kanaka ma luna o ka lio ka ikaika nui - ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, wikiwiki a ikaika. Ma ke ala, ua hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia kēia e ka poʻe kahiko, inā ʻaʻole mai hea mai ke kiʻi o ke keneta? He mea kupua ka centaur me ka ikaika, ka wikiwiki, a me ke akamai.

ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni e hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi hōʻiliʻili nui o nā kiʻi holo lio ʻo The Lord of the Rings. Mai ka Nazgul ʻeleʻele weliweli a hiki iā Gandalf, ke keʻokeʻo i hoʻāla hou ʻia. ʻO ka poʻe holo lio, no ka laʻana, ʻike koke ʻo Gandalf e hoʻokele ana i ka lio me ka noho ʻole a me ke kaulawaha. Ke hana nei ʻo Peter Jackson i kēia ma ke kumu? A ʻike nā mea nānā maʻamau i kēlā mau nuances?

Heluhelu ʻia ia mau mea me ka intuitively. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻike hou aku. A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hana ʻo Jackson i kēia ma ke kumu - kau i ka lio i ka mea hoʻokani kaulana ʻo Shakespearean ʻo Ian McKellen, noʻonoʻo ʻo ia i nā kikoʻī āpau e pili ana i ke ʻano o kona nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi. Ma ka pale, ke ʻike nei mākou i ka hopena o nā kūkākūkā lōʻihi loa, nā kūkākūkā, a me nā hana hoʻomākaukau he nui. He mea koʻikoʻi nā lio o Tolkien no ka mea ʻo The Lord of the Rings kahi mana o ka ʻāpana Scandinavian o ka moʻolelo moʻolelo Saxon, i hoʻoili ʻia i kahi honua fairy-tale kahi hiki ʻole ke loaʻa ʻole ka lio. Me he mea lā iaʻu ua hoʻi ka pilina o Gandalf me ka lio iā Odin, ke akua nui o Scandinavian, a me Sleipnir, kona lio kilokilo ʻewalu wāwae. Ma ka moʻolelo moʻolelo pagan, he mea nui ka like o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. Ma keʻano likeʻole me ka Karistiano, kahi i loaʻa ai i kahi kanaka kaʻuhane, akā,ʻaʻole iʻikeʻia nā holoholona, ​​kahi ma Andrei Rublev Tarkovsky e hiki ai ke uhaki i nā wāwae o ka lio e hōʻike i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka.

Kaua ma ka maka o ka lio

E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i War Horse. Malia paha, no ka lehulehu ākea he kiʻi hala kēia, akā ʻaʻole no nā mea aloha lio! ʻO ka nīnau nui: no ke aha i hana ai ʻo Steven Spielberg e pana iā ia iho? Ma ka makahiki 2010, he mea hana nui ʻo ia, ua pana i kekahi mau blockbusters cult a, me he mea lā, ua ʻōlelo mua ʻo ia i nā mea āpau āna i makemake ai e ʻōlelo ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. A maʻaneʻi,ʻaʻoleʻo ia wale nō e lawe i kahi pāʻani koa e pili ana i ka lio, akā, pana pū nō hoʻi iā ia iho, ma keʻano he alakaʻi?

No ka pane ʻana i kēia nīnau, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo iā Spielberg. ʻAʻole ʻo ia e pāʻani i ke keiki mau loa, ʻo ia nō. ʻAʻohe ona manaʻo o kahi "mea kākau nui ʻEulopa" makemake e hōʻike iā ia iho ma o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻē aʻe, aloha i kahi papahana hou me ka maʻalahi, lawe maʻalahi i nā mea ʻē aʻe ("War Horse" ka puke na Mark Morpurgo, ma kahi i hoʻokani ʻia ai ka pāʻani). Ua like ia me kāna kiʻiʻoniʻoni mua. ʻO Jaws kahi hoʻololi o ka moʻolelo na Peter Benchley. Ua makemake mua ʻo Spielberg i nā holoholona, ​​weliweli a nani. A hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o kēia aloha i loko o kāna mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a hiki i ka ʻalopeke maikaʻi ʻo Milu ma The Adventures of Tintin.

He mea kupanaha ka manaʻo o "War Horse": he moʻolelo ia o ke kaua i hele ʻole ai ke kanaka, e like me kā mākou maʻamau, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka "Iliad" a Homer, akā he lio. Ma ʻaneʻi e hoʻololi ka lio i nā kānaka, ʻaʻole ka hope. A maikaʻi kēia manaʻo! A ma waho aʻe o ka neo-humanistic paradigm hou, kahi i ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o ka holoholona ma mua o ke kanaka, he mea hoihoi loa kēia ma ke ʻano he hoʻohuli ʻana i ka papa kuʻuna. A ʻaʻole wau e ʻōlelo e hana pinepine ʻia kēia i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni - ʻo ke kauo ʻana i kahi lio ola maoli ma o kēia pana a me nā hopena kūikawā he hana paʻakikī loa ia i hoʻoponopono ʻia e Spielberg. ʻO ia hoʻi, aia kekahi pilikia ʻenehana. Manaʻo wau ua lawe koʻikoʻi ʻo Spielberg i kēia manaʻo, aloha i kēia ʻano ʻehā wāwae, a hoʻokō i kēia kiʻi.

Mai ke aupuni o ka noonoo

Ua hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hou na Viggo Mortensen "Fall". Hana ʻia ka hana ma ke kua o kahi hale paʻa. He mea kūpono anei ke ʻimi i kekahi manaʻo kūikawā ma nā lio i kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni?

ʻAʻole loa nā lio i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni e like me ia. He loulou ola ia e pili ana i ke kanaka a me ke ʻano. ʻO ke ʻano he mea mau loa, a ua noho ma mua o nā kānaka, a ʻo ka mea e koe ma hope. He mea hoʻomanaʻo no ko mākou kino. Akā, he ʻuhane ko ke kanaka, he manaʻo, he makana o ka ʻōlelo. Aia ka lio ma waena, e like me ka ʻīlio, ma ke ala.

Ua ʻōlelo mua mākou ua ʻike pinepine ka mea hou i ka lio no ka manawa mua ma ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Mahalo paha mākou i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni no ka mālama ʻana i nā lio i ko mākou ola.

ʻO ka lio kekahi ʻāpana o ko mākou noʻonoʻo, ʻāpana o ko mākou honua, ua lilo a noho mau ia i hoa kanaka no nā kaukani makahiki. Ua maopopo ua loli nui kona kuleana mōʻaukala. Akā ʻo kona noho ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea e noho ai. Inā pāpā ʻia nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kekahi lā mai ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni e pili ana i ka wā i hala, maopopo iaʻu e noʻonoʻo lākou pehea e hoʻokomo ai i nā lio i kēia manawa a i ʻole ka wā e hiki mai ana. Ua like ia me nā ʻīlio hae. ʻAʻole like lākou, akā hoʻihoʻi mau ke kiʻi iā lākou i loko o ko mākou ola, lilo lākou i ʻāpana o ko mākou honua. ʻAʻohe hopena o ka noho maoli ʻana o nā lio ma ka honua i ka noho ʻana o ka lio ma ka moʻolelo o ka noʻonoʻo. A ʻo ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻo ka mea maoli maoli nō, aia i ke aupuni o ka noʻonoʻo.

Puna: http://www.goldmustang.ru/